一場(chǎng)廣泛而深刻的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)系統(tǒng)性變革正在加快推進(jìn)——“雙碳”目標(biāo)之下，頂層設(shè)計(jì)的藍(lán)圖已經(jīng)展開，一系列實(shí)施細(xì)則陸續(xù)出爐。今年以來，我國(guó)正以制度創(chuàng)新實(shí)實(shí)在在踐行“減碳”承諾。
長(zhǎng)江商學(xué)院大型企業(yè)治理與創(chuàng)新管理實(shí)踐教授、中國(guó)石化原董事長(zhǎng)、黨組書記傅成玉指出，在這場(chǎng)系統(tǒng)性變革中，每個(gè)人、每個(gè)系統(tǒng)、每個(gè)組織都將涉及其中，誰都不可能置身度外，不要把碳中和當(dāng)作難題或挑戰(zhàn)，而是當(dāng)作機(jī)遇。
如何理解碳中和的重大意義？碳中和究竟會(huì)帶來哪些挑戰(zhàn)，又蘊(yùn)藏著哪些機(jī)會(huì)？希望今天這篇傅成玉教授的演講可以為你打開思路。
以下內(nèi)容整理自長(zhǎng)江商學(xué)院大型企業(yè)治理與創(chuàng)新管理實(shí)踐教授、中國(guó)石化原董事長(zhǎng)、黨組書記傅成玉在第12屆長(zhǎng)江青投論壇上所作的主旨演講 《碳中和與中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的新內(nèi)涵》。
長(zhǎng)江商學(xué)院大型企業(yè)治理與創(chuàng)新管理實(shí)踐教授
01碳中和的重大意義
我想先著重談?wù)勌贾泻蛯?duì)中國(guó)的重大意義。
我國(guó)力爭(zhēng)2030年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳達(dá)峰，2060年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和，是黨中央經(jīng)過深思熟慮作出的重大戰(zhàn)略決策，事關(guān)中華民族永續(xù)發(fā)展和構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。
首先，碳中和的高度已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過碳本身，上升到中國(guó)永續(xù)發(fā)展的問題。它事關(guān)實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó)，構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。我們需要理解碳中和的更深一層意義，即推動(dòng)人類社會(huì)重大的變革。其次，中央會(huì)議明確提出碳達(dá)峰、碳中和是一場(chǎng)廣泛而深刻的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)系統(tǒng)性變革。作為一場(chǎng)社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的系統(tǒng)性變革，每個(gè)人、每個(gè)系統(tǒng)、每個(gè)組織都將涉及其中，誰都不可能置身度外。此外， 中央會(huì)議還重新提出 “人和自然和諧共生的現(xiàn)代化”。我國(guó)堅(jiān)持節(jié)約資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境的基本國(guó)策，堅(jiān)持節(jié)約優(yōu)先、保護(hù)優(yōu)先，自然恢復(fù)為主的方針，形成節(jié)約資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境的空間格局、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、生產(chǎn)方式、生活方式、統(tǒng)籌污染治理生態(tài)保護(hù)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化，促進(jìn)生態(tài)環(huán)境持續(xù)改善，努力建設(shè)人與自然和諧共生的現(xiàn)代化。那么，我們目前處在什么階段？
按照中央的表述，我國(guó)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)進(jìn)入了以降碳為重點(diǎn)戰(zhàn)略方向、推動(dòng)減污降碳協(xié)同增效、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全面綠色轉(zhuǎn)型、實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善由量變到質(zhì)變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。也就是說，這并非今天或明天的一日之計(jì)，而是至少到2060年之前我們都是以降碳為重點(diǎn)方向。學(xué)術(shù)界、企業(yè)界都從碳本身的角度出發(fā)看待降碳，例如能源結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型等等。其實(shí)對(duì)國(guó)家而言，更重要的是推動(dòng)整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的重大系統(tǒng)性變革，所以在未來我們會(huì)看到一系列改革政策的出
02  碳中和，
企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必由之路碳中和對(duì)人類的影響深遠(yuǎn)。第一，重大災(zāi)難性氣候已成常態(tài)；第二，海平面上升，冰川融化。按照科學(xué)家預(yù)計(jì)，如果人類再不采取有效措施，到2050年海平面上升將致使很多島嶼國(guó)家消失，有的模型上顯示就連上海的一部分都會(huì)被海水覆蓋。氣候變化不僅催生重大自然災(zāi)害，更將產(chǎn)生生態(tài)災(zāi)難，無論是對(duì)植物、對(duì)動(dòng)物甚至對(duì)人的健康都會(huì)造成不可預(yù)料的損害。為什么疫情后幾乎所有發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體都同時(shí)開始關(guān)注氣候變化，尤其關(guān)注加快推動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化政策的法律和措施？因?yàn)樾鹿谝咔槭谷澜缯J(rèn)識(shí)到，一個(gè)小小的病毒就可以讓整個(gè)人類社會(huì)陷入停擺。如果我們還不及時(shí)采取措施，氣候變化對(duì)人類社會(huì)的傷害會(huì)幾倍于疫情帶來的傷害。因此，幾乎世界主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體以及所有簽署《巴黎氣候協(xié)議》簽字的國(guó)家，對(duì)氣候變化的行動(dòng)都遠(yuǎn)比往常積極主動(dòng)。未來碳中和目標(biāo)下，企業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力將包括三個(gè)新的因素：低碳發(fā)展能力低碳發(fā)展能力會(huì)成為企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力的重要內(nèi)容。低碳發(fā)展能力的核心是低碳發(fā)展的技術(shù)和研發(fā)能力。企業(yè)責(zé)任擔(dān)當(dāng)
過去，中國(guó)很多企業(yè)家認(rèn)為企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任主要是做公益；未來，企業(yè)將要承擔(dān)更多對(duì)環(huán)境和氣候變化的責(zé)任，更多的承擔(dān)對(duì)公眾和社會(huì)的責(zé)任。其中包括有消費(fèi)者數(shù)據(jù)是否被濫用、消費(fèi)者權(quán)益是否受損，以及對(duì)環(huán)境和對(duì)氣候變化的責(zé)任等更廣闊的范疇。公司治理能力企業(yè)首先要清楚企業(yè)存在的目的和意義是什么。
企業(yè)的最終目的一定不是只為企業(yè)發(fā)展，而一定是為大眾、為社會(huì)甚至是為人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而存在的。因此，企業(yè)需要有公正、公開、規(guī)范、透明的公司治理機(jī)制和治理能力，以維護(hù)和保障所有利益關(guān)聯(lián)方的利益。
公司治理能力要求把關(guān)聯(lián)方的所有責(zé)任納入到公司的治理體系當(dāng)中，因此我們?cè)瓉淼墓芾碇贫?、管理程序、管理思想都要做出相?yīng)調(diào)整，即意味著在可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力上增加了新的內(nèi)容。
現(xiàn)在，如果我們到全球市場(chǎng)上再談企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品和市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，格局就太小了；所有企業(yè)到全球談的一定是社會(huì)責(zé)任和公司治理，因?yàn)檫@才是共同國(guó)際語言也是企業(yè)的共同責(zé)任和價(jià)值。產(chǎn)品、市場(chǎng)價(jià)格屬于企業(yè)自身的特殊語言，只有在共同語言、共同價(jià)值的基礎(chǔ)上再談特色，人家才能接受你。要求企業(yè)必須具備可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力，正是碳中和帶來的第一重影響。

03減碳趨勢(shì)下，企業(yè)面臨多重壓力氣候變化敦促人類社會(huì)必須采取更大規(guī)模的行動(dòng)、更積極的措施，研發(fā)更多新技術(shù)來推動(dòng)碳的減少釋放。然而目前，幾乎所有企業(yè)都準(zhǔn)備不夠、技術(shù)不足，首先連自己排多少碳都不清楚，思考如何減碳就更是困難，這就會(huì)導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)反過來給企業(yè)以壓力。這些壓力具體會(huì)表現(xiàn)在哪些方面呢？
第一，企業(yè)形象。過去，企業(yè)形象更多取決于企業(yè)的發(fā)展能力，即：企業(yè)的成長(zhǎng)力或企業(yè)的有機(jī)增長(zhǎng)，比如銷售額增長(zhǎng)多少、利潤(rùn)增長(zhǎng)多少、產(chǎn)品銷售怎么樣。而現(xiàn)在，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不足夠了，如今的企業(yè)形象增加了綠色低碳、生態(tài)環(huán)保的要求。第二，企業(yè)價(jià)值。企業(yè)形象并不是空的，將直接影響企業(yè)價(jià)值?，F(xiàn)在，企業(yè)價(jià)值已經(jīng)與碳多碳少直接關(guān)聯(lián)。傳統(tǒng)的化石能源企業(yè)面臨著巨大壓力，被認(rèn)為對(duì)社會(huì)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展不利，企業(yè)形象受到打擊，直接帶來企業(yè)價(jià)值的降低。過去，這樣大市值的行業(yè)龍頭是我們爭(zhēng)相追趕的目標(biāo)；現(xiàn)在，一家美國(guó)新能源上市公司的資產(chǎn)可能比這些傳統(tǒng)龍頭可能少上百倍，但是市值已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)超傳統(tǒng)龍頭。因此，盡管傳統(tǒng)能源企業(yè)的產(chǎn)量和利潤(rùn)并沒有快速下滑，但市值一路走低就是整個(gè)行業(yè)面臨的現(xiàn)狀。如果我們看特斯拉、小鵬、理想這些新能源汽車公司，世界排名前十的傳統(tǒng)汽車制造企業(yè)的市值加在一起，還不如特斯拉的市值高。從銷量上看，頭部傳統(tǒng)車企一年可能賣出上千萬輛；特斯拉一年賣多少輛？40萬輛。但特斯拉的市值比傳統(tǒng)車企前十名加在一起還高，這就是包含了碳價(jià)值。更重要的是，傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)如果不把生態(tài)文明作為主要推動(dòng)方向的話，再融資就會(huì)非常難，而且越來越貴。面對(duì)市場(chǎng)壓力，傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)必須進(jìn)行更大的投入，采取更激進(jìn)的措施，做好加快能源轉(zhuǎn)型規(guī)劃的同時(shí)，通過技術(shù)盡快減少存量碳。
第三，信息披露。未來在資本市場(chǎng)里，任何國(guó)家都會(huì)要求企業(yè)在年報(bào)里披露碳排放量，嚴(yán)重影響企業(yè)形象，對(duì)企業(yè)產(chǎn)生無形的壓力，促使企業(yè)必須主動(dòng)采取措施。我們可以看到，全球大型能源企業(yè)都在推行能源轉(zhuǎn)型計(jì)劃，其中包括采取各項(xiàng)措施推行CCUS（碳捕集、利用和封存）；中國(guó)企業(yè)要花大力氣更多在碳利用上下功夫。企業(yè)而言，既是一個(gè)重大挑戰(zhàn)，也是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的新機(jī)遇。
第四，碳稅和碳足跡。先講講碳稅，簡(jiǎn)單來說就是對(duì)非本土生產(chǎn)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品依照含碳量征收碳稅，歐盟已經(jīng)力推碳的“邊界稅”，美國(guó)很快也會(huì)跟上。一旦開始施行，企業(yè)即將面臨成本上升的壓力，反過來說，我們需要思考如何采用更先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和工藝流程進(jìn)一步減少產(chǎn)品中的含碳量。接下來談?wù)勎覀兂Ｕf的碳足跡。在中國(guó)，很多人不太清楚這個(gè)概念，到底什么叫碳足跡？每走一步留下的腳印叫足跡，碳足跡就各種產(chǎn)品在被使用過程中在社會(huì)不同領(lǐng)域留下的碳痕跡。在西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，企業(yè)要對(duì)三個(gè)領(lǐng)域的碳實(shí)行管理或治理：● 第一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的碳，是制造產(chǎn)品的過程中用了多少傳統(tǒng)的燃料，燃料燃燒后通過煙塵釋放了多少碳到大氣中。在國(guó)內(nèi)，我們常說的碳排放主要是指化石燃料燃燒后所釋放的二氧化碳的量?！? 第二個(gè)領(lǐng)域的碳，是所生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品中所含的二氧化碳的量。在化工，鋼鐵等工業(yè)制造領(lǐng)域除了一部分燃料燃燒后釋放的二氧化碳之外，還有一部分化石能源作為了產(chǎn)品的原料，這些原料最后轉(zhuǎn)化成為生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的一部分。不同的原料、不同的產(chǎn)品，不同的工藝流程所形成產(chǎn)品里的二氧化碳的量也是不同的。這是企業(yè)碳管理或碳治理中第二個(gè)碳的量?！?企業(yè)碳管理或碳治理的第三個(gè)領(lǐng)域，是企業(yè)含碳的產(chǎn)品賣給消費(fèi)者之后，消費(fèi)者是怎么使用這個(gè)產(chǎn)品的，在使用過程中是增加了碳排放還是減少了碳排放，是一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)還是多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)等等。企業(yè)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入社會(huì)后，產(chǎn)品中碳的變化的管理也屬于企業(yè)的責(zé)任。企業(yè)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)在使用過程中各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，二氧化碳的變化過程就是所謂的碳足跡。
中國(guó)企業(yè)目前還沒有把碳足跡作為自己的責(zé)任來考慮，希望早一點(diǎn)考慮，這將會(huì)成為全球一致的行動(dòng)。早準(zhǔn)備以后比較主動(dòng)。我們應(yīng)該清楚，在全球強(qiáng)化應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的大勢(shì)下，國(guó)際社會(huì)在碳中和上的規(guī)則、方法、制度將會(huì)逐漸趨于一致， 所以早準(zhǔn)備早主動(dòng)。我們每個(gè)人、每個(gè)單位、每個(gè)社區(qū)、每個(gè)學(xué)校、每個(gè)醫(yī)院都存在減碳的問題，因?yàn)槲覀兌荚谟闷嚒⒂每照{(diào)、用電器。國(guó)內(nèi)的電70%以上的電力是來自化石能源，有大量碳排放，所以每個(gè)人、每個(gè)企業(yè)、每個(gè)單位都有減碳的責(zé)任，都要形成綠色低碳的生活方式。作為個(gè)人，一年消費(fèi)多少碳、釋放多少碳，怎么樣將碳量減下來，將會(huì)形成一套規(guī)則，把減下來的碳變成我們個(gè)人的價(jià)值。
第五，綠色金融。如果企業(yè)不參與全球生態(tài)的治理，不采取行動(dòng)去減碳，不去大力發(fā)展清潔能源或者開發(fā)新的低碳產(chǎn)業(yè)，企業(yè)可能貸不來款，或者貸款價(jià)格更高。綠色金融支持致力于減碳的企業(yè)，支持能源結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整。對(duì)生態(tài)空間做出貢獻(xiàn)的企業(yè)，可以使用綠色貸款、發(fā)綠色債券、獲得基金投資，反之就會(huì)面臨很大壓力。所有面向市場(chǎng)化的企業(yè)，如果需要吸引基金投資、需要發(fā)行綠色債券，第一條考量就是對(duì)減碳有何貢獻(xiàn)。如果沒有減碳方面的行為，不但融資成本高，企業(yè)市值和價(jià)值一定漲不起來。因此長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，任何企業(yè)、任何人都無法逃脫生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的大環(huán)境、大背景基本規(guī)定的要求。


04碳中和是挑戰(zhàn)，更是機(jī)遇
無論從國(guó)家層面、企業(yè)層面還是個(gè)人層面，碳中和都是重大機(jī)遇。具體有哪些機(jī)遇？
第一，能源結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整。
任何國(guó)家但凡想應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化，第一件事就是調(diào)整能源結(jié)構(gòu)。這對(duì)中國(guó)來說是巨大壓力，因?yàn)槲覈?guó)能源稟賦就是以化石能源為主導(dǎo)。去年我們總計(jì)消費(fèi)48億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤；在能源結(jié)構(gòu)上，85%是化石能源，其中60%是煤，綠色可再生能源只占15%左右，而要達(dá)到碳中和目標(biāo)，就要把兩者比例倒過來——清潔能源或可再生能源占85%，化石能源占15%以下。這是我們從當(dāng)下開始到2060年要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。所有方向、路徑、技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)方式的選擇，都將發(fā)生在這個(gè)過渡期，所以要早做準(zhǔn)備。縱觀全球，中國(guó)在清潔能源領(lǐng)域是發(fā)展速度最快的國(guó)家。無論太陽能、風(fēng)能的裝機(jī)容量都排在世界第一，電動(dòng)汽車保有量達(dá)到400萬輛，已經(jīng)占到全球市場(chǎng)的70%。從現(xiàn)在開始，中國(guó)的清潔能源還會(huì)以超出想象的速度繼續(xù)發(fā)展至不可估量的規(guī)模。
第二，節(jié)能降耗和存量減碳。我國(guó)尚處于碳中和的過渡階段，最好的、也是最有效辦法就是先把能耗降下來—即節(jié)能降耗。目前中國(guó)單位GDP的能耗是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家平均水平的兩倍以上，這個(gè)數(shù)字完全可以降下來，在源頭上節(jié)省能耗，既減少污染物的排放也減少碳的排放。在節(jié)能降耗上中國(guó)的潛力非常大，在未來5–10年，在大力發(fā)展清潔可再生能源的同時(shí)，要把主要精力放在節(jié)能降耗上。這樣既可以在過渡階段將存量持續(xù)降下來，又可以避免運(yùn)動(dòng)式的、激進(jìn)的關(guān)企業(yè)行為。
降碳怎么降？
● 首先，所有企業(yè)都要開展降碳的基礎(chǔ)性工作即開始摸自己的家底，要查清楚自己的企業(yè)到底排放了多少碳。也就是開展碳盤查。要盤查每一個(gè)生產(chǎn)裝置、每一條生產(chǎn)線、根據(jù)所使用的燃料、原料、所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品、工藝流程等等來開發(fā)算法，進(jìn)而把家底摸清，算清楚當(dāng)前的碳排放總量。● 然后再根據(jù)選擇的技術(shù)、工程、設(shè)備裝置等條件和水平，制定企業(yè)碳達(dá)峰、碳中和的時(shí)間表、路線圖和施工圖。
● 企業(yè)碳管理或碳治理的第三個(gè)領(lǐng)域，是企業(yè)含碳的產(chǎn)品賣給消費(fèi)者之后，消費(fèi)者是怎么使用這個(gè)產(chǎn)品的，在使用過程中是增加了碳排放還是減少了碳排放，是一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)還是多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)等等。企業(yè)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入社會(huì)后，產(chǎn)品中碳的變化的管理屬于企業(yè)的責(zé)任。企業(yè)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)在使用過程中各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，二氧化碳的變化過程就是所謂的碳足跡。
第三，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整。以汽車行業(yè)為例，中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)相較全球先進(jìn)水平總體上是落后的，但在新能源上汽車上幾乎與先進(jìn)水平同步，所以未來新能源汽車的發(fā)展，規(guī)模最大的市場(chǎng)一定是在中國(guó)，速度最快的市場(chǎng)也一定是在中國(guó)。中國(guó)在新能源汽車的技術(shù)和規(guī)范上也應(yīng)該和可能走在世界前面。
如果中國(guó)在新能源汽車領(lǐng)域可以形成一套完整的技術(shù)規(guī)范和管理規(guī)范，就可能變成全球新能源汽車領(lǐng)域共同的規(guī)范。
第四，碳資產(chǎn)與碳交易。
（一）關(guān)于碳資產(chǎn)
人類活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的碳有不同的來源，來自傳統(tǒng)化石能源的生產(chǎn)和使用，來自工業(yè)制造，來自人們的生活方式。在不同領(lǐng)域所釋放的二氧化碳，可以通過開發(fā)成為不同的碳產(chǎn)品，即把碳從負(fù)擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)化為碳資產(chǎn)。目前，國(guó)家成立的上海碳交易所還只是對(duì)強(qiáng)制性行業(yè)所產(chǎn)生的碳進(jìn)行規(guī)定和交易。這方面社會(huì)上談?wù)摰谋容^多，這里就不講了。我重點(diǎn)講一下非強(qiáng)制減排領(lǐng)域，即自愿碳減排領(lǐng)域，的碳減排和碳資產(chǎn)開發(fā)問題。這個(gè)自愿減排領(lǐng)域涉及到方方面面，是非常重要的領(lǐng)域，也是大有作為的領(lǐng)域，在國(guó)家生態(tài)文明建設(shè)中、在中國(guó)碳總量減排中將占有重要位置并發(fā)揮重大作用。比如一個(gè)人開什么檔次的汽車，每百公里燒多少油、排多少碳，算出這些數(shù)字，減少一次開車就減少了一定量的碳排放。再比如最簡(jiǎn)單的開發(fā)票，過去用紙，現(xiàn)在用電子發(fā)票就可以省碳，就可以把省下來的碳轉(zhuǎn)化為碳資產(chǎn)。
其他領(lǐng)域也是一樣，可以開發(fā)出不同領(lǐng)域的碳產(chǎn)品并形成碳資產(chǎn)。作為政府來說，應(yīng)該大力和加快推出相應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)政策和制度，把這些減下來的碳作為專項(xiàng)碳產(chǎn)品給這些個(gè)人和單位賦予碳價(jià)值。鼓勵(lì)和推動(dòng)全社會(huì)每一個(gè)人都成為減碳的行為主體，綠色低碳的生活方式就一定能夠更快形成。自愿減排領(lǐng)域的碳產(chǎn)品開發(fā)涉及城市、開發(fā)區(qū)、工業(yè)區(qū)，涉及各行各業(yè)、不同單位，企業(yè)、學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)以及社區(qū)方方面面都有減碳的空間價(jià)值，都可以開發(fā)出不同的碳品種，形成碳資產(chǎn)。


（二）關(guān)于碳交易
我們國(guó)家剛剛開始運(yùn)行，上海已經(jīng)開始交易了，第一錘敲出了50元一噸，相信以后還會(huì)有所上漲。需要注意的是，目前的探究與規(guī)則范圍和相關(guān)交易制度，仍然是中國(guó)當(dāng)前情況制定的本土化的制度，還與國(guó)際上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范不同。一是我國(guó)各企業(yè)碳排放總量是建立在不同燃料燃燒后釋放的碳量基礎(chǔ)上估算的量。而不是根據(jù)對(duì)燃料、原料、產(chǎn)品、工藝、裝置等現(xiàn)實(shí)情境下開發(fā)的算法，計(jì)算出來的碳排放的量。二是我國(guó)目前只限定了幾大工業(yè)行業(yè)為指令性碳減排行業(yè)。這些行業(yè)里的企業(yè)減排下來的碳的一小部分可以在交易所進(jìn)行交易。這是因?yàn)椋喝?，這些行業(yè)中各企業(yè)碳排放的總量是有關(guān)政府部門給予的配額。在這種制度安排前提下，不可能激勵(lì)企業(yè)加大在碳減排技術(shù)研發(fā)投入的力度。很容易使碳交易市場(chǎng)，成為企業(yè)應(yīng)對(duì)碳年度配額而導(dǎo)致的季節(jié)性交易場(chǎng)所。雖然有交易所，卻很難形成常規(guī)性市場(chǎng)；盡管有世界上最大的碳量，但卻形不成世界最大的碳交易量和碳價(jià)值量。這既不能促進(jìn)甚至也不能支撐中國(guó)碳達(dá)峰、碳中和更好、更快的發(fā)展。
（三）關(guān)于碳匯
最后說幾句關(guān)于碳匯。碳中和一般指人類生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)所排出的二氧化碳，與自然界所排出的碳和吸收的碳，加在一起實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和。碳匯是指自然界和人類活動(dòng)所能吸收固化的二氧化碳，就是指通過植樹造林、植被恢復(fù)等措施吸收大氣中二氧化碳的過程，比如海洋可以吸收約30%人類活動(dòng)所排放的碳，比如森林、樹木、草原都吸收或固化一定量的二氧化碳。因此，各國(guó)政府都鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)和單位大量種植森林和樹木，并把這些固化的碳作為碳匯進(jìn)行交易。這個(gè)是實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和不可忽視的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。
需要指出的是，如果企業(yè)從完成碳中和任務(wù)角度來考種植森林增加碳匯的話，應(yīng)該考慮那些可以不斷被砍伐利用并重復(fù)種植的樹種。因?yàn)椴煌臉淠旧L(zhǎng)期是一定的，故一生中固碳數(shù)量是有限的，因此要想不斷增加碳匯，必須有不斷地重復(fù)種植。其他類型的碳匯，從企業(yè)角度考慮也應(yīng)該具有可重復(fù)性，才可不斷增加價(jià)值。
金融投資，需將技術(shù)作為核心考量。圍繞碳的金融投資要以企業(yè)碳價(jià)值鏈中所體現(xiàn)的技術(shù)為核心，以各類減碳技術(shù)分別在調(diào)整能源結(jié)構(gòu)、調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，減少碳排放以及進(jìn)行碳產(chǎn)品開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域中的作用為考量。無論能源結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、存量減排、新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)還是產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，各領(lǐng)域、各環(huán)節(jié)核心都在于技術(shù)。所以做金融投資，需要牢牢抓住技術(shù)作為核心考量。
最后，用三句話簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)今天的分享：● 碳中和是中華民族偉大復(fù)興的重大機(jī)遇?！?我們每一個(gè)人、每一家企業(yè)、每一個(gè)單位都不要把碳中和當(dāng)作難題或挑戰(zhàn)，而是當(dāng)作機(jī)遇。把碳中和當(dāng)作機(jī)遇，就會(huì)主動(dòng)抓住機(jī)遇?！?碳中和是企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必由之路。早行動(dòng)、早主動(dòng)、早得宜。

Carbon neutrality is a great opportunity for the next 40 years

Original fu Chengyu Cheung Kong Business School August 16

A broad and profound economic and social system change is accelerating. Under the "dual carbon" goal, the blueprint of top-level design has been launched and a series of detailed implementation rules have been released. Since the beginning of this year, China has been implementing its commitment to carbon reduction through institutional innovation.

Professor cheung kong graduate school of large-scale enterprise management and innovation management practices, sinopec's former chairman, party secretary fu chengyu pointed out that in the systemic change, each person, each system, each organization will be involved, who can not, don't put the carbon neutral as a problem or challenge, but as an opportunity.

How to understand the significance of carbon neutrality?What are the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality? I hope this lecture by Professor Fu Chengyu can open your mind.

The following content is compiled from the keynote speech "Carbon neutrality and The New Connotation of China's Modernization" delivered by Fu Chengyu, professor of Large Enterprise Governance and Innovation Management practice of Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, former chairman and Party Secretary of Sinopec, at the 12th Yangtze Youth Investment Forum.

Professor of Large Enterprise Governance and Innovation Management practice, Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business

The significance of carbon neutrality

Let me first focus on the significance of carbon neutrality for China.

China's goal of achieving carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutral by 2060 is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee after careful consideration. It bears on the sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

First of all, the height of carbon neutrality has gone far beyond carbon itself, rising to the issue of sustainable development in China.It is about realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, building a great modern socialist country, and building a community with a shared future for mankind.We need to understand the deeper meaning of carbon neutrality, which is to drive major changes in human society.Second, the central conference clearly pointed out that carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound economic and social systematic change. As a systemic social and economic change, everyone, every system and every organization will be involved in it, and no one can be immune.In addition, the central meeting also re-proposed the "modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature". Adhere to the basic state policy of resource conservation and environmental protection in our country, to save and protect the preference and the principle of natural recovery, form the space pattern of resource conservation and environmental protection, industrial structure, production mode, life style, as a whole to tackle climate change, pollution ecological protection to promote the ecological environment continues to improve, strive to build a harmonious coexistence between man and nature of modernization.So where are we now?

According to the statement of the central government, China's ecological civilization construction has entered a critical period in which carbon reduction is the key strategic direction, synergy and efficiency of pollution reduction and carbon reduction are promoted, the overall green transformation of economic and social development is promoted, and the improvement of ecological environment quality is realized from quantitative change to qualitative change. In other words, this is not a day or a day, but we are focused on carbon reduction until at least 2060.Both academia and business circles view carbon reduction from the perspective of carbon itself, such as energy structure transformation, industrial structure transformation and so on. In fact, for the country, it is more important to promote major systemic changes in the whole economy and society, so we will see a series of reform policies in the future

02 Carbon neutral,

Carbon neutrality has a profound impact on human beings.First, major catastrophes have become the norm; Second, sea levels rise and glaciers melt.According to scientists, many island nations will disappear by 2050 due to rising sea levels if no effective measures are taken, and some models suggest that even parts of Shanghai could be covered by sea water. Climate change will not only bring about major natural disasters, but also ecological disasters, which will cause unpredictable damage to plants, animals and even human health. Why are almost all developed economies paying attention to climate change at the same time, and in particular to laws and measures to accelerate policies to address climate change? The COVID-19 pandemic has taught the world that a single virus can bring entire human societies to a halt. If we do not take timely action, climate change will hurt human society many times more than the pandemic. As a result, almost all of the world's major economies, and all of the signatories to the Paris climate Agreement, are far more proactive on climate change than usual. Under the goal of carbon neutrality in the future, the sustainable development capability of enterprises will include three new factors: low-carbon development capability Low-carbon development capability will become an important part of the sustainable development capability of enterprises. The core of low-carbon development capacity is the technology and research and development capacity of low-carbon development. Corporate responsibility

In the past, many Chinese entrepreneurs considered corporate social responsibility mainly for the public good.In the future, enterprises will assume more responsibilities for the environment and climate change, and more responsibilities for the public and society. These include whether consumer data has been misused, whether consumer rights have been harmed, and broader categories of responsibility for the environment and climate change.First of all, enterprises should be clear about the purpose and significance of their existence.

The ultimate purpose of an enterprise is not to develop only for the enterprise, but to exist for the public, for society and even for the progress of human society. Therefore, enterprises need to have a fair, open, standardized and transparent corporate governance mechanism and governance ability to safeguard and protect the interests of all stakeholders.

Corporate governance capacity requires that all responsibilities of related parties be incorporated into the corporate governance system, so our original management system, management procedures and management ideas should be adjusted accordingly, which means that new contents are added to the sustainable development capacity.

Now, if we go to the global market to talk about the products and market prices of enterprises, the pattern is too small;All enterprises must talk about social responsibility and corporate governance globally, because this is the common international language and the common responsibility and value of enterprises. Products and market prices belong to the special language of the enterprise itself. Only by talking about characteristics on the basis of common language and common value can people accept you. Enterprises are required to have sustainable development capacity, which is the first impact of carbon neutrality.

Climate change has urged the human society to take more large-scale action, more aggressive measures, and more new technologies to promote carbon emission reduction. However, at present, almost all enterprises are not prepared enough and lack technology. First of all, they do not know how much carbon they emit, and it is even more difficult to think about how to reduce carbon. This will lead to market pressure on enterprises. What are the specific aspects of these pressures?

First, corporate image.In the past, the corporate image depends more on the development ability of the enterprise, that is, the growth of the enterprise or the organic growth of the enterprise, such as sales growth, profit growth, product sales. But now, these standards are not enough, today's corporate image has increased the green low-carbon, ecological environmental protection requirements.Second, enterprise value. Corporate image is not empty and will directly affect corporate value.Now, enterprise value has been directly related to more carbon and less carbon.Traditional fossil energy enterprises are facing great pressure, which is considered to be detrimental to the long-term development of society, and their corporate image is hit, which directly reduces their corporate value. In the past, the industry leader with such a large market value was our goal to catch up;Today, an American listed new energy company may have hundreds of times less assets than these traditional leaders, but its market value is far more than traditional leaders. So while traditional energy companies' production and profits are not falling fast, their market values are falling.If we look at tesla, Xiaopeng, Ideal and other new energy vehicle companies, the combined market value of the world's top 10 traditional automobile manufacturers is not as high as tesla. In terms of sales, the head of the traditional car enterprises may sell tens of millions of cars a year;How many Cars does Tesla sell in a year? 400000 units.But Tesla's market capitalization is higher than that of the top 10 traditional automakers combined, which includes carbon value. What's more, it will be very difficult and increasingly expensive for traditional enterprises to refinance if they do not make ecological civilization their main driving direction. In the face of market pressure, traditional enterprises must make greater investment, take more radical measures, do a good job in accelerating energy transformation planning, and reduce carbon storage through technology as soon as possible.

Third, information disclosure.In the future, in the capital market, any country will require enterprises to disclose carbon emissions in the annual report, which will seriously affect the image of enterprises, bring invisible pressure on enterprises, and urge them to take measures voluntarily. We can see that major energy companies around the world are implementing energy transition plans, which include initiatives to implement CCUS (carbon capture, use and Storage); Chinese companies need to make a big effort to use more carbon. For enterprises, it is not only a major challenge, but also a new opportunity for transformation and development.

Fourth, carbon taxes and carbon footprints.Let's start with a carbon tax, which simply means imposing a carbon tax on imports that are not made in China based on their carbon content. The European Union has pushed for a "border tax" on carbon, and the United States will soon follow suit. Once implemented, companies will face rising costs and, in turn, we need to think about how to further reduce carbon content in products with more advanced technologies and processes. Now, let's talk about our carbon footprint. In China, many people are not very clear about this concept. What is a carbon footprint?The footprint left by each step is called footprint, which refers to the carbon footprint left by various products in different areas of society during the process of being used. ● The first is how much conventional fuels are used to make products, and how much carbon is released into the atmosphere through soot when that fuel is burned.Domestically, carbon emissions are mainly the amount of carbon dioxide released when fossil fuels are burned. ● The second area of carbon is the amount of carbon dioxide in the products produced. In the chemical industry, steel and other industrial manufacturing fields, in addition to part of the carbon dioxide released after fuel combustion, there is also a part of fossil energy as raw materials for products, and these raw materials are finally converted into a part of the production of products. The amount of carbon dioxide in products formed by different raw materials, different products and different technological processes is also different. This is the amount of second carbon in corporate carbon management or carbon governance. ● The third area of enterprise carbon management or carbon governance is how consumers use the products containing carbon after the products are sold to consumers, whether carbon emissions are increased or reduced in the process of use, whether it is one link or multiple links, etc.It is also the responsibility of enterprises to manage the change of carbon in their products after they enter the society. The carbon footprint is the change process of carbon dioxide in each link of the product entering the market.

Chinese companies have not yet considered their carbon footprint as their responsibility. Hopefully, sooner rather than later, this will become a concerted global action. It's more proactive to prepare early.We should be aware that under the general trend of intensifying the global response to climate change, the international community will gradually converge on the rules, methods and institutions on carbon neutrality. Therefore, we should make early preparations and take the initiative. Every one of us, every unit, every community, every school, every hospital has a problem of carbon reduction, because we all use cars, air conditioning, electrical appliances. More than 70% of the electricity in China comes from fossil fuels, with a large amount of carbon emissions. Therefore, everyone, every enterprise and every unit has the responsibility to reduce carbon emissions and form a green and low-carbon lifestyle. As individuals, how much carbon we consume and release in a year, and how we reduce it, will form a set of rules that will translate that carbon into our personal value.

Fifth, green finance.If enterprises do not participate in global ecological governance, do not take actions to reduce carbon, do not vigorously develop clean energy or develop new low-carbon industries, enterprises may not be able to borrow money, or the loan price will be higher. Green finance supports enterprises committed to carbon reduction, and supports the adjustment of energy structure and industrial structure.Enterprises that contribute to the ecological space can use green loans, issue green bonds, and get fund investment. Otherwise, they will face great pressure. For all market-oriented enterprises, if they need to attract fund investment or issue green bonds, the first consideration should be their contribution to carbon reduction. If there is no action on carbon reduction, not only the financing cost will be high, but the market value and value of enterprises will not rise. Therefore, in the long run, no enterprise or anyone can escape the requirements of the general environment and background of ecological civilization construction.

Carbon neutrality is both a challenge and an opportunity

Carbon neutrality is a major opportunity at the national, corporate and individual levels.What are the opportunities?

First, we need to adjust the energy structure.

If any country wants to deal with climate change, the first thing is to adjust the energy mix.This is a huge pressure for China, whose energy endowments are dominated by fossil fuels. Last year, we consumed 4.8 billion tons of standard coal;In terms of the energy mix, 85% is fossil energy, 60% of which is coal, and only about 15% is green renewable energy. To achieve carbon neutrality, the ratio should be reversed -- 85% is clean energy or renewable energy, and 15% is fossil energy. That's where we want to be from now until 2060.All choices of direction, path, technology, mode of production will take place during this transition period, so be prepared early. Across the world, China is the fastest growing country in clean energy.The installed capacity of both solar and wind power ranks first in the world, and the number of electric vehicles has reached 4 million, accounting for 70% of the global market. From now on, China's clean energy will continue to develop at an unimaginable speed to an incalculable scale.

Second, save energy and reduce consumption and carbon storage.China is still in the transition stage of carbon neutrality. The best and most effective way is to reduce energy consumption first -- namely, to save energy and reduce consumption. At present, China's energy consumption per unit OF GDP is more than twice the average level of developed countries. This figure can be reduced to save energy at the source and reduce both pollutant and carbon emissions. In the next five to ten years, while vigorously developing clean and renewable energy, we will focus our efforts on saving energy and reducing energy consumption.In this way, the inventory can be continuously reduced in the transition stage, and can avoid the movement of radical enterprise behavior.

How to reduce carbon?

● First, all companies need to start doing the basics of carbon reduction -- that is, starting to get to the bottom of their business to find out how much carbon they are emitting. That is, carbon inventory.Every production facility, every production line, based on the fuel used, raw materials, products produced, processes and so on to develop algorithms, and then get the bottom of the house, calculate the current total carbon emissions. ● And then according to the selected technology, engineering, equipment and other conditions and levels, formulate the enterprise carbon peak, carbon neutral schedule, road map and construction drawings.

● The third area of enterprise carbon management or carbon governance is how consumers use the products containing carbon after the products are sold to consumers, whether carbon emissions are increased or reduced in the process of use, whether it is one link or multiple links, etc. After the enterprise product enters the society, the management of the change of carbon in the product belongs to the enterprise's responsibility.The carbon footprint is the change process of carbon dioxide in each link of the product entering the market.

Third, the adjustment of industrial structure.Taking the automobile industry as an example, China's traditional automobile industry is generally backward compared with the global advanced level, but the new energy SAIC motor is almost synchronized with the advanced level, so the development of new energy vehicles in the future, the largest market must be in China, and the fastest market must be in China. China should and may lead the world in terms of technology and specifications for new energy vehicles.

If China can form a complete set of technical and management norms in the field of new energy vehicles, it may become a common norm in the global field of new energy vehicles.

Fourth, carbon assets and carbon trading.

(I) Carbon assets

Carbon generated by human activities comes from different sources, from the production and use of traditional fossil energy, from industrial manufacturing, and from the way people live. The carbon dioxide released in different sectors can be developed into different carbon products, that is, turning carbon from a burden into a carbon asset.At present, the Shanghai Carbon Exchange, set up by the state, regulates and trades carbon produced by mandatory industries. There is a lot of talk about this in society, but I won't talk about it here. I'm going to focus on carbon abatement and carbon asset development in the non-mandatory, voluntary carbon abatement area. This voluntary emission reduction area involves many aspects. It is a very important area and a promising one. It will play an important role in the construction of national ecological civilization and the reduction of China's total carbon emission.For example, what kind of car a person drives, how much fuel they burn per 100 kilometers, how much carbon they emit, and then working out the numbers, you reduce your carbon emissions by a certain amount every time you drive. Another example is the simplest invoicing. In the past, electronic invoicing can save carbon, and the carbon saved can be converted into carbon assets.

The same is true for other sectors, where carbon products can be developed and carbon assets can be formed.As for the government, it should vigorously and accelerate the launch of corresponding incentive policies and systems, and assign carbon value to these individuals and units as special carbon products. Encourage and promote every person in the whole society to become the subject of carbon reduction, and the green and low-carbon lifestyle will be formed faster. The development of carbon products in the field of voluntary emission reduction involves cities, development zones, industrial zones, all walks of life, different units, enterprises, schools, hospitals, public institutions and communities, all of which have the space value of carbon reduction. Different types of carbon can be developed to form carbon assets.

Second, carbon trading

Our country has just started operation, Shanghai has started trading, the first hammer knocked out 50 yuan a ton, I believe there will be a rise in the future. It should be noted that the current scope of inquiry and rules and relevant trading systems are still localized systems developed in China's current situation, and are different from international standards and norms. First, the total carbon emission of each enterprise in China is estimated based on the amount of carbon released after the combustion of different fuels.Rather than calculating carbon emissions based on algorithms developed for fuels, feedstocks, products, processes, devices, etc., in real-world situations. Second, China has only limited several major industrial industries as mandatory carbon emission reduction industries. A fraction of the carbon that companies in these industries cut could be traded on exchanges. This is because: third, the total amount of carbon emission of each enterprise in these industries is the quota given by relevant government departments. Under the premise of such institutional arrangement, it is impossible to encourage enterprises to increase investment in carbon emission reduction technology research and development. It is easy to make the carbon trading market become a seasonal trading place caused by the annual carbon quota of enterprises. Although there are exchanges, it is difficult to form a regular market; Despite having the world's largest volume of carbon, it is not the world's largest volume of carbon trading and value. This will neither promote nor even support China's carbon peak, carbon neutral, better and faster development.

(3) Carbon sinks

A few final words on carbon sinks.Carbon neutralization generally refers to the carbon dioxide emitted by human production activities, and the carbon emitted and absorbed by nature, combined to achieve carbon neutralization. Carbon sink refers to the carbon dioxide that can be absorbed and solidified by nature and human activities. It refers to the process of absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through afforestation, vegetation restoration and other measures. For example, the ocean can absorb about 30% of the carbon emitted by human activities.As a result, governments are encouraging businesses and businesses to plant forests and trees in large quantities and trade the solidified carbon as a carbon sink. This is an area that cannot be ignored to achieve carbon neutrality.

It should be pointed out that if companies are considering planting forests to increase carbon sinks in terms of achieving carbon neutrality, they should consider tree species that can be repeatedly cut down and replanted. Because trees have a finite number of growing seasons, they can sequester only a limited amount of carbon over their lifetime, so repeated planting is necessary to increase the sink. Other types of sinks, from an enterprise perspective, should also be repeatable to add value.

Technology should be considered as the core of financial investment.The financial investment around carbon should take the technologies embodied in the carbon value chain of enterprises as the core, and consider the role of various carbon reduction technologies in adjusting the energy structure, adjusting the industrial structure, reducing carbon emissions and developing carbon products. Technology is at the heart of all sectors and links, whether it is energy restructuring, stock reduction, new product development or industrial restructuring. Therefore, to make financial investment, we need to firmly grasp technology as the core consideration.

● Carbon neutrality is a major opportunity for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.● Each and every one of us, every enterprise, every organization should not see carbon neutrality as a problem or a challenge, but as an opportunity. Treat carbon neutrality as an opportunity, and you will seize it.● Carbon neutrality is the only way for sustainable development of enterprises. Early action, early initiative, early action.