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中國分布式光伏發(fā)電100問答
返回列表 來源: 晶成新能源 發(fā)布日期: 2021.01.31 瀏覽次數(shù):

《中國分布式光伏發(fā)電 100問答》由可再生能源學(xué)會光電專業(yè)委員會編制,為方便廣大光伏微友的閱讀,本站小編整理了文字版。

本文是網(wǎng)絡(luò)可見的最完整的版本,歡迎大家轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)收藏!

原理及意義篇

1.什么是光伏發(fā)電?什么是分布式光伏發(fā)電?

光伏發(fā)電是指利用太陽能輻射直接轉(zhuǎn)變成電能的發(fā)電方式,光伏發(fā)電是當(dāng)今太陽能發(fā)電的主流,所以,現(xiàn)在人們常說的太陽能發(fā)電就是光伏發(fā)電。

分布式發(fā)電是指在用戶場地附近建設(shè),運行方式以用戶側(cè)自發(fā)自用為主,多余電量上網(wǎng),但在配電系統(tǒng)平衡調(diào)節(jié)為特性的光伏發(fā)電設(shè)施。

分布式發(fā)電遵循因地制宜、清潔高效、分散布局、就近利用的原測,充分利用當(dāng)?shù)氐奶柲苜Y源,替代和減少化石能源消費。

2.您知道光伏發(fā)電的歷史起源嗎?

1839 年,19 歲的法國貝克勒爾做物理實驗時,發(fā)現(xiàn)在導(dǎo)電液中的兩種金屬電極用光照射時電流會加強,從而發(fā)現(xiàn)了“光生伏打效應(yīng)”。1930 年,郞格首次提出用“光伏效應(yīng)”制造太陽能電池,使太陽能變成電能。

1932 年奧杜博特和斯托拉制成第一塊“硫化鎘”太陽能電池。

1941 年奧杜在硅上發(fā)現(xiàn)光伏效應(yīng)。

1954 年5 月美國貝爾實驗室恰賓、富勒和皮爾松開發(fā)出效率為6%的單晶硅太陽能電池,這是世界上第一個有實用價值的太陽能電池,同年威克首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了砷化鎳有光伏效應(yīng),并在玻璃上沉積硫化鎳博膜,制成了太陽能電池,太陽光轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的實用光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)由此誕生并發(fā)展起來。

3.光伏電池是怎么發(fā)電的?

光伏電池是一種具有光、電轉(zhuǎn)換特性的半導(dǎo)體器件,它直接將太陽輻射能轉(zhuǎn)換成直流電,是光伏發(fā)電的最基本單元,光伏電池特有的電特性是借助與在晶體硅中摻入某些元素(例如磷或硼等),從而在材料的分子電荷里造成永久的不平衡,形成具有特殊電性能的半導(dǎo)體材料,在陽光照射下具有特殊電性能的半導(dǎo)體內(nèi)可以產(chǎn)生自由電荷,這些自由電荷定向移動并積累,從而在其兩端閉合時便產(chǎn)生電能,這種現(xiàn)象被稱為“光生伏打效應(yīng)”簡稱光伏效應(yīng)。

4.光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)由哪些部件構(gòu)成?

光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)由光伏方陣(光伏方陣由光伏組件串并聯(lián)而成)、控制器、蓄電池組、直流/交流逆變器等部分組成.光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的核心部件是光伏組件,而光伏組件又是由光伏電池串、并聯(lián)并封裝而成,它將太陽的光能直接轉(zhuǎn)化為電能,光伏組件產(chǎn)生的電為直流電,我們可以利用也可以用逆變器將其轉(zhuǎn)換成為交流電加以利用,從另一個角度來看對于光伏系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的電能可以即發(fā)即用,也可以用蓄電池等儲能裝置將電能存放起來,根據(jù)需要隨時釋放出來使用。

5.什么是配電網(wǎng)?配電網(wǎng)與分布式光伏發(fā)電有什么關(guān)系?

配電網(wǎng)是從輸電網(wǎng)或地區(qū)發(fā)電廠接受電能,通過配電設(shè)施就地分配或按電壓逐級分配給各類用戶的電力網(wǎng),是由架空線路、電纜、桿塔、配電變壓器、隔離開關(guān)、無功補償電容、計量裝置以及一些附屬設(shè)施組成的一般采用閉環(huán)設(shè)計,并環(huán)運行,其結(jié)構(gòu)成輻射狀,分布式電源接入配電網(wǎng)使配電系統(tǒng)中發(fā)電與用電并存,配電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)從放射狀結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)槎嚯娫唇Y(jié)構(gòu),短路電流大小、流向以及分布特性均發(fā)生改變。

6.為什么說光伏電力是綠色低碳能源?

光伏發(fā)電具有顯著的能源、環(huán)保和經(jīng)濟效益,是最優(yōu)質(zhì)的綠色能源之一,在我國平均日照條件下安裝1 千瓦光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng),1 年可發(fā)出1200 度電,可減少煤炭(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤)使用量約400 千克,減少二氧化碳排放約1 噸,根據(jù)世界自然基金會(WWF)研究結(jié)果:從減少二氧化碳效果而言,安裝1 平米光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)相當(dāng)于植樹造林100 平米,目前發(fā)展光伏發(fā)電等可再生能源是根本上解決霧霾、酸雨等環(huán)境問題的有效手段之一。

7.如何看待有報道說“生產(chǎn)光伏電池組件時消耗大量能源”的消息?

光伏電池在其生產(chǎn)過程中確實要消耗一定的能量,特別是工業(yè)硅提純、高純多晶硅生產(chǎn)、單晶硅棒\多晶硅錠生產(chǎn)三個環(huán)節(jié)的能耗高,但是光伏電池在20年的使用壽命期內(nèi)能夠不斷產(chǎn)生能量。據(jù)測算在我國平均日照條件下,光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)全壽命期內(nèi)能量回報超過其能源消耗的15 倍以上。在北京以最佳傾斜角安裝的1 千瓦屋頂光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的能量回收期為1.5-2 年,遠底于光伏系統(tǒng)的使用壽命期。也就是說該光伏系統(tǒng)前1.5-2 年發(fā)出的電量是用來抵消其生產(chǎn)等過程消耗的能量,1.5-2 年之后發(fā)出的能量都是純產(chǎn)出,所以應(yīng)該從全生命周期角度評定光伏電池的能耗。

8.如何看待有報道說”生產(chǎn)光伏電池組件會產(chǎn)生大量污染的消息?

光伏電池組件生產(chǎn)包括多晶硅、硅錠硅片、光伏電池組和光伏組件幾個產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈環(huán)節(jié),相關(guān)污染的報道主要是指光伏組件的原材料、高純多晶硅生產(chǎn)中產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)物,高純多晶硅生產(chǎn)主要是使用改良西門子法,該法將冶金級硅轉(zhuǎn)化成三氯氦硅,在加氫氣還原成太陽能級多晶硅,另外會形成副產(chǎn)物氯化硅,四氯化硅遇潮濕空氣即分解成硅酸和氯化氫,如果處理不當(dāng)會產(chǎn)生污染問題,但是目前我國多晶硅生產(chǎn)企業(yè)采用的改良西門子法已可做到閉環(huán)生產(chǎn),將副產(chǎn)物四氯化硅和尾氣回收利用,實現(xiàn)清潔生產(chǎn)。2010 年12 月國家發(fā)布了《多晶硅行業(yè)準(zhǔn)入條件》,規(guī)定還原尾氣中四氯化硅、氯氣回收利用率不低于98.5%、99%,因此成熟的改良西門子法生產(chǎn)技術(shù)完全滿足環(huán)保要求,不會產(chǎn)生環(huán)境污染問題。

9.我們有多少太陽光可利用?它能夠成為未來主導(dǎo)能源嗎?

地球表面接受的太陽能輻射能夠滿足全球能源需求的1 萬倍,地表面每平方米平均每年接收到的輻射隨地域不同大約在1000-2000KWH之間,國際能源署數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在全球4%的沙漠上安裝太陽能光伏系統(tǒng)就足以滿足全球能源需求。太陽能光伏享有廣闊的發(fā)展空間,其潛力十分巨大。

據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計,我國僅利用現(xiàn)有的建筑安裝光伏發(fā)電其市場潛力就大約為3萬億千瓦以上,再加上西部廣闊的戈壁光伏發(fā)電市場潛力約為數(shù)十億千瓦以上,隨著光伏發(fā)電的技術(shù)進步和規(guī)?;瘧?yīng)用,其發(fā)電成本還將進一步降低,成為更加具有競爭力的能源供應(yīng)方式,逐步從補充能源到替代能源并極希望成為未來的主導(dǎo)能源。

資源與應(yīng)用篇

10.我國太陽能資源是如何分布的?

我國太陽能總輻射資源豐富,總體呈高原大于平原,西部地區(qū)大于東部地區(qū)的分布特點,其中青藏高原最為豐富,四川盆地資源相對較低。

11.分布式光伏發(fā)電有哪些應(yīng)用形式?

分布式光伏發(fā)電包括并網(wǎng)型、離網(wǎng)型及多能互補微網(wǎng)等應(yīng)用形式,并網(wǎng)型分布式發(fā)電多應(yīng)用于用戶附近,一般與中、低壓配電網(wǎng)并網(wǎng)運行,自發(fā)自用,不能發(fā)電或電力不足時從電網(wǎng)上購電,電力多余時向網(wǎng)上售電。離網(wǎng)型分布式光伏發(fā)電多應(yīng)用于邊遠地區(qū)和海島地區(qū),它不與大電網(wǎng)連接,利用自身的發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和儲能系統(tǒng)直接向負(fù)荷供電。分布式光伏系統(tǒng)還可以與其它發(fā)電方式組成多能互補微電系統(tǒng),如水、風(fēng)、光等,既可以作為微電網(wǎng)獨立運行,也可以并入電網(wǎng)聯(lián)網(wǎng)運行。

12.分布式光伏發(fā)電適用于哪些場合?

分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的適用場合可分為兩大類:

一、可在全國各類建筑物和公共設(shè)施上推廣,形成分布式建筑光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng),利用當(dāng)?shù)馗黝惤ㄖ锖凸苍O(shè)施建立分布式發(fā)電系統(tǒng),滿足電力用戶的部分用電需求,為高耗能企業(yè)提供生產(chǎn)用電。

二、可在偏遠地區(qū)海島等少電無電地區(qū)推廣,形成離網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)或微電網(wǎng),由于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平的差距原因,我國仍有部分偏遠地區(qū)的人口沒有解決基本用電問題,以往的農(nóng)網(wǎng)工程大多依靠大電網(wǎng)的延伸,小水電、小火電等供電,電網(wǎng)延伸困難極大,且供電半徑過長,導(dǎo)致供電能質(zhì)量較差,發(fā)展離網(wǎng)型分布式發(fā)電不僅可以解決處于無電少電地區(qū)居民基本用電問題,還可以清潔高效地利用當(dāng)?shù)氐目稍谏茉?,有效的解決了能源和環(huán)境之間的茅盾。

13.哪些地點適合安裝分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)?

工業(yè)領(lǐng)域廠房:特別是在用電量比較大、網(wǎng)購電費比較貴的工廠,通常廠房屋頂面積很大,屋頂開闊平整,適合安裝光伏陣列并且由于用電負(fù)荷較大,分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)可以做以就地消納,抵消一部分網(wǎng)購電量,從而節(jié)省用戶的電費。

商業(yè)建筑:與工業(yè)園區(qū)的作用效果類似,不同之處在于商業(yè)建筑多為水泥屋頂,更有利于安裝光伏陣列,但是往往對建筑美觀性有要求,按照商廈、寫字樓、酒店、會議中心、度假村等服務(wù)業(yè)的特點,用戶負(fù)荷特性一般表現(xiàn)為白天較高,夜間較低,能夠較好的匹配光伏發(fā)電特性。

農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施:農(nóng)村有大量的可用屋頂,包括自有住宅、疏菜大棚、魚塘等,農(nóng)村往往處在公共電網(wǎng)的末梢,電能質(zhì)量較差,在農(nóng)村建設(shè)分布式光伏系統(tǒng)可提高用電保障和電能質(zhì)量。

市政等公共建筑物:由于管理規(guī)范統(tǒng)一,用戶負(fù)荷和商業(yè)行為相對可靠,安裝積極性高,市政等公共建筑物也適合分布式光伏的集中連片建設(shè)。
邊遠農(nóng)牧區(qū)及海島:由于距離電網(wǎng)遙遠,我國西藏、青海、新疆、內(nèi)蒙古、
甘肅、四川等省份的邊遠農(nóng)牧區(qū)以及我國沿海島嶼還有數(shù)百萬無電人口,離網(wǎng)型光伏系統(tǒng)或與其它能源互補微網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)非常適合在這些地區(qū)應(yīng)用。

14.什么叫與建筑結(jié)合的分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)?

與建筑物結(jié)合的光伏并網(wǎng)發(fā)電是當(dāng)前分布式光伏發(fā)電重要的應(yīng)用形式,技術(shù)進展很快,主要表現(xiàn)在與建筑結(jié)合的安裝方式和建筑光伏的電氣設(shè)計方面,按照與建筑結(jié)合的安裝方式的不同可以分為光伏建集成和光伏建筑附加。

15.光伏陣列在建筑物立面安裝和屋頂安裝有什么差異?

光伏陣列與建筑物相結(jié)合的方式可分為屋頂安裝和側(cè)立面安裝兩種方式,可以說這兩種安裝方式適合大多數(shù)建筑物。
屋頂安裝形式主要有水平屋頂、傾斜屋頂和光伏采光頂

其中:
水平屋頂上光列陣可以按最佳角度安裝,從而獲得最大發(fā)電量,并且可采用常規(guī)晶體硅光伏組件,減少組件投資成本,往往經(jīng)濟性相對較好,但是這種安裝方式的美觀性一般。
傾斜屋頂在北半球向正南、東南、西南、正東或正西的屋頂均可以用于安裝光伏陣列,在正南向的傾斜屋頂上可以按照最佳角度或接近最佳角度安裝。
光伏采光頂指以透明光伏電池作為采光頂?shù)慕ㄖ?gòu)件,美觀性很好,并且滿足透光的需要,但是光伏采光頂需要透明組件,組件效率較低,除發(fā)電透明外,采光頂構(gòu)件要滿足一定的力學(xué)、美學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)連接等建筑方面要求,組件成本高,發(fā)電成本高,為建筑提升社會價值帶來綠色概念的效果。
側(cè)立面安裝主要是指在建筑物南墻、東墻上安裝光伏組件的方式,對于高層建筑來說墻體是與太陽光接觸面積最大的外表面,光伏幕墻是使用較為普遍的一種應(yīng)用方式。

16.農(nóng)業(yè)大棚、魚塘可以安裝分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)嗎?

大棚的升溫、保溫一直都是個困擾農(nóng)戶的重點問題,光伏農(nóng)業(yè)大棚有望解決這一難題,由于夏季的高溫在6-9 月份眾多品類的蔬菜無法正常成長,而光伏農(nóng)業(yè)大棚如同在農(nóng)業(yè)大棚外添加了一個分光機,可隔絕紅外線, 阻止過多的熱量進去大棚,在冬季和黑夜的時候又能阻止大棚內(nèi)的紅處波段的光向外輻射,起到保溫效果。光伏農(nóng)業(yè)大棚能供給農(nóng)業(yè)大棚內(nèi)照明等所需電力,剩余電力還能并網(wǎng)。

在離網(wǎng)形式的光伏大棚中可與LED系統(tǒng)相互調(diào)配,白日阻光保障植物生長,同時發(fā)電。黑夜LED 系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用白日電力提供照明。
在魚塘中也可以架設(shè)光伏陣列,池塘可以繼續(xù)養(yǎng)魚,光伏陣列還可以為養(yǎng)魚提供良好的遮擋作用,較好地解決了發(fā)展新能源和大量占用地的矛盾,因此農(nóng)業(yè)大棚和魚塘可以安裝分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。


政策篇


17.什么是“自發(fā)自用,余電上網(wǎng)"?

自發(fā)自用余電上網(wǎng)是指分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)所發(fā)電力主要由電力用戶自己使用,多余電量接入電網(wǎng),它是分布式光伏發(fā)電的一種商業(yè)模式,對于這種運行模式光伏并網(wǎng)點設(shè)在用戶電表的負(fù)載側(cè),需要增加一塊光伏反送電量的計量電表或者將電網(wǎng)用電電表設(shè)置成雙向計量,用戶自己直接用掉的光伏電量,以節(jié)省電費的方式直接享受電網(wǎng)的銷售電價,反送電量單獨計量并以規(guī)定的上網(wǎng)電價進行結(jié)算。

18.什么是“光伏上網(wǎng)標(biāo)桿電價”政策?

光伏上網(wǎng)標(biāo)桿電價政策是根據(jù)光伏發(fā)電的當(dāng)前成本,并考慮合理利潤后制定的電價,光伏項目開發(fā)商以這樣的價格將光伏電量出售給電網(wǎng)企業(yè),其中高出當(dāng)?shù)孛摿蛎夯痣姍C組上網(wǎng)標(biāo)桿電價的差額部分來取全網(wǎng)分?jǐn)偟霓k法對電網(wǎng)企業(yè)進行回補,光伏上網(wǎng)標(biāo)桿電價政策主要適用于大型光伏電站。

19.什么是“單位電量定額補貼”政策?

單位電量定額補貼政策簡稱度電補貼政策,就是按光伏系統(tǒng)所發(fā)出的電量進行補貼,主要適用于分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng),分布式發(fā)電采用度電補貼政策特點是自發(fā)自用,余電上網(wǎng),即自發(fā)自用的光伏電量不做交易,國家按照自用電量給與補貼,富余上網(wǎng)電量除了電網(wǎng)企業(yè)支付的脫硫煤火電機組上網(wǎng)標(biāo)桿電價外也享受國家的度電補貼。

20.“自發(fā)自用”電量和“余電上網(wǎng)”電量的補貼方式相同嗎?

目前國家政策對分布式光伏發(fā)電采取單位電量定額補貼的方式,即對光伏系統(tǒng)的全部發(fā)電量都進行補貼費,所以無論是自發(fā)自用電量還是余電上網(wǎng)電量均按同一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)補貼。

21.不同領(lǐng)域的分布式光伏發(fā)電補貼是否相同?

鼓勵各類電力用戶、投資企業(yè)、專業(yè)化合同能源管理服務(wù)公司以及個人等作為項目單位投資建設(shè)和經(jīng)營分布式光伏發(fā)電項目,對于分布式光伏發(fā)電目前采用對所有分布式光伏電量給予定額補貼,因此光伏度電收益直接受戶用電價水平的影響,工商業(yè)用電電價在0.8-1.4 元每度,大工業(yè)用電電價在0.6-0.8 元每度,公共事業(yè)單位用電電價在0.5-0.6 元每度,政府學(xué)校醫(yī)院事業(yè)單位、農(nóng)業(yè)用電和居民用電則只有0.3-0.5 元每度,因此采用單位電量定額補貼對于安裝在不同建筑或電力用戶的分布式光伏項目的收益是不同的,這需要開發(fā)商自己判斷和決定項目是否合算。

22.有關(guān)分布式光伏發(fā)電相關(guān)政策應(yīng)該咨詢哪些部門?

有關(guān)分布式光伏發(fā)電相關(guān)的政策應(yīng)當(dāng)咨詢地市級縣級主管部門,國務(wù)院能源主管部門鼓勵地市級或縣級能源主管部門結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)貙嶋H,建立與并網(wǎng)接入申請,并網(wǎng)調(diào)試和驗收,電費和補貼發(fā)放與結(jié)算等相結(jié)合的分布式光伏發(fā)電項目備案,竣工驗收等一站式服務(wù)體系,簡化辦理流程,提高管理效率。

23.用戶怎樣獲得國家的電量補貼?

電網(wǎng)企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)指導(dǎo)和配合項目單位開展分布式光伏發(fā)電項目的并網(wǎng)運行和驗收,與項目單位簽訂訂購售合同,電網(wǎng)企業(yè)對分布項目的全部發(fā)電量和上網(wǎng)電量分別計量。

對分布式發(fā)電項目按電量給予補貼,電網(wǎng)企業(yè)應(yīng)按照國家規(guī)定的上網(wǎng)電價與項目單位結(jié)算上網(wǎng)電費,并按國家規(guī)定的電量補貼的政策對項目單位全部發(fā)電量按月向項目單位轉(zhuǎn)付國家補貼資金。

24.分布式光伏發(fā)電補貼資金通過什么方式發(fā)放給業(yè)主?

用戶從電網(wǎng)購電執(zhí)行正常的用電價格政策,多余光伏發(fā)電量上網(wǎng),由電網(wǎng)企業(yè)按照當(dāng)?shù)孛摿蛎夯痣姌?biāo)桿電價收購,分布式光伏發(fā)電項目所發(fā)電量無法滿足項目對應(yīng)的電力用戶的用電需求的,電網(wǎng)企業(yè)必須像對待普通電力用戶一樣承擔(dān)供電責(zé)任。

光伏發(fā)電項目可由電力用戶自建,也可采用合同能源管理方式,合同能源管理企業(yè)應(yīng)與電力用戶依國家關(guān)于合同能源管理等規(guī)定簽訂能源服務(wù)協(xié)議,用戶自建光伏系統(tǒng)的自用電量不成交易,對于項目業(yè)主安裝在其它電力用戶屋頂上的自用光伏電量,由項目業(yè)主與電力用戶按照合同能源管理協(xié)議進行結(jié)算。
對光伏系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量,多余光伏上網(wǎng)電量由電網(wǎng)企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)計量、統(tǒng)計,光伏系統(tǒng)全部發(fā)電量均可得到國家電量定額補貼,電網(wǎng)企業(yè)依著光伏電量的計量數(shù)據(jù)按照國家規(guī)定的度電補貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按結(jié)算周期轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)國家補貼資金。

并網(wǎng)申請流程篇

25.如何向電網(wǎng)公司申請分布式光伏并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)接入?

分布式項目業(yè)主在準(zhǔn)備好想資料后向電網(wǎng)公司地市或縣客戶報務(wù)中心提交接入申請,客戶服務(wù)中心協(xié)助項目業(yè)主填寫接入申請表,接入申請受理后在電網(wǎng)公司承諾的時限內(nèi),客戶服務(wù)中心將通知項目業(yè)主確認(rèn)接入系統(tǒng)方案,項目建成后業(yè)主向客戶服務(wù)中心提出并網(wǎng)驗收和調(diào)試申請,電網(wǎng)企業(yè)將完成電能計量裝置安裝,購售電合同及調(diào)度協(xié)議簽訂,并網(wǎng)驗收及調(diào)試工作,之后項目即可并網(wǎng)發(fā)電。

26.發(fā)出的電用不完怎么辦?如何向電網(wǎng)賣出光伏余電?

與電網(wǎng)公司簽訂有上網(wǎng)電量的相關(guān)協(xié)議后電網(wǎng)公司對用不完的上網(wǎng)電量進行計量,根據(jù)國家規(guī)定的價格和補貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按照電費結(jié)算周期及時支付給項目業(yè)主。

27.分布式系統(tǒng)申請接入是否需要費用?個人和企業(yè)申請分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)各需要什么資料,流程分別是什么?

電網(wǎng)公司在并網(wǎng)申請人受理、接入系統(tǒng)方案制定、接入系統(tǒng)工程設(shè)計審查、計量裝置安裝、合同和協(xié)議簽訂、并網(wǎng)驗收和并網(wǎng)調(diào)試、政府補助計量和結(jié)算服務(wù)中,不收取任何費用。

自然人和法人申請分布式光伏發(fā)電并網(wǎng)分別需要如下資料:
自然人申請需提供經(jīng)辦人身份證及復(fù)印件、戶口本、房產(chǎn)證等項目合法支持性文件

法人申請需提供經(jīng)辦人身份證及復(fù)印件和法人受托書原件(或法定代表人身份證原件及復(fù)印件),企業(yè)法營業(yè)執(zhí)照、土地證等項目合法性支持文件、政府投資主管部門同意項目開展前期工作的批復(fù)(需核準(zhǔn)項目)、項目前期工作相關(guān)資料。

28.分布式光伏系統(tǒng)并網(wǎng)霈要考慮什么問題?

分布式光伏系統(tǒng)并網(wǎng)需考慮安全、光伏配置、計量和結(jié)算方面的問題,在安全方面并網(wǎng)點開關(guān)是否符合安全要求、設(shè)備在電網(wǎng)異常或故障時的安全性能否在電網(wǎng)停電時可靠斷開以保證人身安全。

在光伏配置方面光伏容量的配置、主要設(shè)備選擇、接入點的選擇、系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測控制功能的實現(xiàn),反孤島裝置的配置安裝等。

在計量和結(jié)算方面計費和結(jié)算方式、上網(wǎng)電價情況、獲得電價補貼所需的材料,數(shù)據(jù)及流程等。

29.在自己安裝光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng),如何獲得小區(qū)物業(yè)的支持和鄰居們的同意?

目前物權(quán)問題是需要解決的重要問題,要提供其他業(yè)主、物業(yè)、居委會的同意證明,包括所在單元所有鄰居的書面簽字證明以及所在小區(qū)物業(yè)、業(yè)委會同意的證明,并由其所在社區(qū)居委會蓋章。

30.如果電網(wǎng)停電或發(fā)生其他故障,分布式能正常運行嗎?

電網(wǎng)停電后,分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)一般都會退出運行,不能正常發(fā)電,但在某些極端情況下可能會出現(xiàn)孤島現(xiàn)象,即電網(wǎng)停電后分布式發(fā)電系統(tǒng)仍然帶著部分負(fù)荷繼續(xù)運行,影響檢修人員人身安全,并存在隕壞家用電器及電網(wǎng)設(shè)施的可能性,因此分布式系統(tǒng)必須具備防孤島功能。

31.當(dāng)?shù)仉娏臼欠裼袑H耸芾矸植际焦夥到y(tǒng)并網(wǎng)申請業(yè)務(wù)?聯(lián)系熱線是什么?

國家電網(wǎng)公司為分布式發(fā)電并網(wǎng)提供客戶服務(wù)中心,95598 服務(wù)熱線網(wǎng)上營業(yè)廳等多種咨詢渠道,向項目業(yè)主提供并網(wǎng)辦理流程說明,想關(guān)政策規(guī)定解釋、并網(wǎng)工作進度查詢等服務(wù),申請分布式光伏并網(wǎng)可由當(dāng)?shù)仉娏究蛻舴?wù)中心咨詢辦理,也可聯(lián)系國家民電網(wǎng)公司服務(wù)熱線進行咨詢。

32.什么是交鑰匙工程?

對工程進行設(shè)計、采購、施工的總承包,最后直接移交運行稱為交鑰匙工程,與通常所說的工程總承包含義相似,對于分布式光伏發(fā)電項目的用戶報裝工程按照現(xiàn)場勘查與確定接入方案、工程設(shè)計與設(shè)備選擇、施工與竣工驗收、現(xiàn)場并網(wǎng)調(diào)試、并網(wǎng)發(fā)電的流程,提供全程服務(wù),用直接接收整個工程,立刻投入發(fā)運營,稱為交鑰匙工程。

項目管理篇

33.如何管理分布式光伏發(fā)電項目?

國務(wù)院能源主管部門負(fù)責(zé)全國分布式光伏發(fā)電規(guī)劃指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督管理,地方能源主管部門在國務(wù)院能源主管部門指導(dǎo)下負(fù)責(zé)本地區(qū)分布式發(fā)電項目建設(shè)和監(jiān)督管理,委托國家太陽能發(fā)電技術(shù)歸口管理單位承接技術(shù)、信息和工程質(zhì)量控制工作。

34.分布式光伏發(fā)電項目為什么需要備案?不需要國家補貼的項目能開工建設(shè)么?
現(xiàn)階段分布式發(fā)電仍然需要國家補貼,假定每年安裝600 萬千瓦分布式發(fā)電,全年發(fā)電量至少70 億度,如果每度電補貼0.42 元則需要幾十億元人民幣,為了優(yōu)化補貼資金配置,備案是必須的,分布式發(fā)電項目由地市級或縣級能源主管部門實行備案管理,如果項目不需要國家補貼,則可直接實行備案管理后就可以開工建設(shè)。
35.分布式光伏發(fā)電項目如何備案,應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備哪些材料?
項目單位向地市級或縣級能源主管部門提交固定資產(chǎn)投資備案表和分布式發(fā)電項目備案申請表,應(yīng)包含以下材料:
(1)符合建筑等設(shè)施安裝光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)相關(guān)規(guī)定的項目方案
(2)項目用地或屋頂?shù)葓鏊褂米C明
(3)地市級或縣級電網(wǎng)公司出具的項目并網(wǎng)接入意見
(4)如果項目采用合同能源管理方式,則需要提供與電力用戶簽訂的能源服務(wù)管理合同等材料
(5)地方政府根據(jù)有關(guān)規(guī)定要求提供的其它材料

36.哪些情況可能出現(xiàn)備案失敗或者失效?

地市級或縣級能源主管部門在受理項目備案申請之日起10 個工作日內(nèi)完成備案審核并將審核意見告知項目單位,當(dāng)申請項目的累計規(guī)模超出該地區(qū)年度指導(dǎo)規(guī)模時,當(dāng)?shù)啬茉粗鞴懿块T發(fā)布通知,停止受理項目備案申請,分布式發(fā)電項目備案有效期內(nèi)如果無特殊原因未建成投產(chǎn),項目備案文件自動失效。

37.備案過的項目還能夠申請變更么?怎么變更?

備案過的項目一般情況下不能隨意變更,如果項目實施過程中遇到特殊情況,必須變更方案,則必須按照當(dāng)初的申報程序申請方案變更的。

38.個人(家庭)安裝分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)怎么界定?有什么優(yōu)惠政策?

鼓勵各位電力用戶、投資企業(yè)、專業(yè)化合同能源服務(wù)公司以及個人等作為項目單位投資建設(shè)和經(jīng)營分布式光伏發(fā)電項目。
個人安裝的分布式光伏項目原則上自發(fā)自用,余電上網(wǎng),電網(wǎng)調(diào)節(jié)余缺,對于自用光伏電量,自動抵消電網(wǎng)用電量,不進行交易,對于富余上網(wǎng)光伏電量電網(wǎng)公司以當(dāng)?shù)孛摿蛎簶?biāo)桿電價收購,個人作為項目單位建設(shè)分布式光伏設(shè)施單個項目裝機規(guī)模原則上不大于30 千瓦,各省有能源主管部門可視情況簡化項目管理。

設(shè)計安裝篇

39.分布式光伏并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是由哪幾部分構(gòu)成的?

分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)有光伏組件、光伏并網(wǎng)逆變器、雙向計量電能表構(gòu)成。

40.如何取得當(dāng)?shù)氐奶柲苜Y源數(shù)據(jù)?

對于光伏系統(tǒng)設(shè)計而言,第一步,也是非常關(guān)鍵的一步,就是分析項目安裝使用地點的太陽能資源以及相關(guān)氣象資料。諸如當(dāng)?shù)靥柲茌椛淞?、降水量、風(fēng)速等氣象數(shù)據(jù),是設(shè)計系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)。目前可以免費查詢到全球任何地點的氣象數(shù)據(jù)為NASA 美國太空總署氣象數(shù)據(jù)庫。

41.如何選擇分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的并網(wǎng)電壓?

分布式光伏系統(tǒng)并網(wǎng)電壓主要由系統(tǒng)裝機容量所決定,具體并網(wǎng)電壓需根據(jù)電網(wǎng)公司的接入系統(tǒng)批復(fù)決定,一般戶用選用AC220V 接入電網(wǎng),商用可選擇AC380V 或10kV 接入電網(wǎng)。

42.光伏陣列安裝傾角由什么決定?

光伏陣列安裝傾角一般又安裝地點的緯度決定,下表給出我國主要城市的維度值和安裝傾角。

43.光伏陣列的安裝朝向如何確定?對發(fā)電效果有何影響?
由于影響光伏發(fā)電的主要原因為日照量,所以組件安裝時應(yīng)向陽光最充足的方向安裝,不同安裝角度對光伏組件的發(fā)電量亦有影響。

44.如何選用光伏組件?

根據(jù)安裝現(xiàn)場的具體情況可選用不同類型的光伏組件,安裝現(xiàn)場的有效利用面積決定組件的規(guī)格尺寸,單位面積內(nèi)想安裝更大容量的話可選用高效率組件,根據(jù)現(xiàn)有建筑的外觀也可選擇不同邊框的組件,根據(jù)現(xiàn)場的串聯(lián)并聯(lián)接線方式固定組件的接件長度,組件的選擇用需要綜合考慮安裝面積、裝機容量、成本等要素,一般來講應(yīng)選用信益好,質(zhì)量好,有認(rèn)證,質(zhì)保售后服務(wù)好,具有防火認(rèn)證的組件產(chǎn)品。

45.如何選用逆變器?

一般根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的要求配置對應(yīng)功率段的逆變器,選擇的逆變器的功率應(yīng)該與光伏電池方陣的最大功率匹配,一般選取光伏逆變器的額定輸出功率與輸入總功率相近左右,這樣可以節(jié)約成本。

46.對于與建筑結(jié)合的分布式光伏發(fā)電項目,如何考慮光伏組件的顏色、透光、尺寸和形狀?

顏色方面可以盡量選擇與建筑顏色相近的,對于透光要考慮充分利用建筑空間和面積,合理選擇尺寸和形狀,做好平衡和優(yōu)化,以及專業(yè)的技術(shù)設(shè)計。

47.光伏陣列的設(shè)計安裝要考慮風(fēng)速的影響嗎?安裝分布式光伏時應(yīng)如何考慮建筑荷載和抗風(fēng)能力要求?

在建筑物屋頂安裝光伏列陣,必須考慮建筑物屋頂?shù)妮d荷,同時考慮氣流在遇到建筑物后產(chǎn)生的紊流和速度變化對光伏陣列的安全性影響,只有充分考慮當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)況、地貌、地形以及計劃安裝光伏陣列的建筑物在周邊環(huán)境的相對位置,才能確保光伏陣列和周邊生命財產(chǎn)的安全。

48.如何決定家用光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的裝機容置?

家用光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)裝機容量的大小,取決于用電設(shè)備負(fù)載、屋頂?shù)臉邮胶臀蓓數(shù)拿娣e,并結(jié)合電網(wǎng)公司的批復(fù)意見,確定最佳安裝容量,一般情況下平面屋頂安裝量約為70 瓦\每平米。

49.如何估算分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量?

要估算光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量,需要知道系統(tǒng)安裝當(dāng)?shù)氐挠行照諘r間、系統(tǒng)效率、系統(tǒng)安裝容量。也可向光伏系統(tǒng)安裝商咨詢,得到更為精確的的發(fā)電量。

50.分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)并網(wǎng)后,怎么區(qū)分家里當(dāng)前用的電量來自電網(wǎng)還是自己家的太陽電池組件?

在分布式發(fā)電系統(tǒng)安裝完成后,電網(wǎng)公司會進行并網(wǎng)的檢驗驗收,驗收合格后會在業(yè)主家里安裝兩塊(或雙向電表),兩塊電表會分別對光伏系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電和市電的用電量進行獨立計量。

51.安裝后如果連續(xù)陰雨或者霧霾,光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)還會工作嗎? 會不會電力不足或者斷電?

光伏電池組件在一定弱光下也是可以發(fā)電的,但是由于連續(xù)陰雨或者霧霾天氣,太陽光輻射照度較低,光伏系統(tǒng)的工作電壓如果達不到逆變器的啟動電壓,那么系統(tǒng)就不會工作,并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)與配電網(wǎng)是并聯(lián)運行的,當(dāng)光伏系統(tǒng)不能滿足負(fù)載需求而不工作時,電網(wǎng)的電將自動補充過來,不存在電力不足與斷電的問題。

52.冬天天冷時會不會電力不足?

光伏系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量的確受影響,直接影響發(fā)電量的因素是輻照強度和日照時長以及太陽電池組件的工作溫度,冬天難免輻照強度會弱,日照市時長會短,一般發(fā)電量較夏天會少,這也是很正常的現(xiàn)象,分布式光伏發(fā)電與電網(wǎng)與電網(wǎng)相聯(lián),只要電網(wǎng)有電家庭負(fù)載就不會出現(xiàn)電力不足和斷電的情況。

53.分布式光伏接入會不會影響電能質(zhì)量?

電能質(zhì)量即電力系統(tǒng)中電能的質(zhì)量,系統(tǒng)的主要交直流轉(zhuǎn)換部件為逆變器,逆變器經(jīng)過電能質(zhì)量測試儀測試合格后才投產(chǎn)使用,所以不會對電能質(zhì)量造成影響。

54.可以將白天分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)所發(fā)的電力儲存起來用作夜晚照明嗎?

可以將白天分布式發(fā)電系統(tǒng)所發(fā)的電力儲存起來用作夜晚照明,這需要添加控制器和蓄電池等電器元件,白天控制器將光伏所發(fā)的電力儲存在蓄電池中,晚上控制器將蓄電池所儲電力釋放出來供照明使用,在設(shè)有儲能設(shè)備的情況下,如果電網(wǎng)斷電系統(tǒng)將停止工作,但是若把其中的并網(wǎng)逆變器換成智能微網(wǎng)逆變器(并網(wǎng)與離網(wǎng)混合逆變器),系統(tǒng)依然可以正常運轉(zhuǎn)。

55.在既有建筑上安裝光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)需要另行布線嗎?如何和家中已有的電氣系統(tǒng)連接?

光伏系統(tǒng)的線路分為直流部分和交流部分,這兩部分線路是需要單獨布線的,交流部分要與電網(wǎng)進行連接,并網(wǎng)點設(shè)在用戶側(cè)電表位置,最終與用戶家中已有電氣系統(tǒng)連接。

56.分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)控裝置安在哪些地方,會不會占據(jù)寶貴的室內(nèi)空間?

分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)控裝置分為大型光伏電站監(jiān)控,離網(wǎng)光伏屋頂系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控和戶用屋頂光伏系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控。光伏監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)可以安裝在室外,不占用室內(nèi)空間,它以多種硬件產(chǎn)品及配套附件能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對光伏系統(tǒng)中各個環(huán)節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)采集,數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)竭h程服務(wù)平臺進行相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)存儲與分析,最后以報表曲線圖等形式向用戶反饋系統(tǒng)運行情況。

57.設(shè)計工程師在根據(jù)客戶要求進行系統(tǒng)設(shè)計時,需要客戶提供哪些資料?

系統(tǒng)設(shè)計時需要客戶要求提供的資料分為選項和強選項部分,必選項部分包括項目安裝地點,建筑周圍環(huán)境、建筑建設(shè)年份、屋頂類型、屋頂載荷、接入電壓等級和屋頂照片等,可選項部分包括平均每月用電量、屋頂板結(jié)構(gòu)、CAD 圖紙、屋頂表面情況、電表箱照片等,當(dāng)然可選部分填寫的越詳細(xì)越有助于更加合理地進行優(yōu)化設(shè)計,更好的提高發(fā)電量。

58.系統(tǒng)建好之后會由何甲位去驗收?驗收時要關(guān)注哪些地方?

驗收時主要由電網(wǎng)企業(yè)組織開展,重點關(guān)注并網(wǎng)電性能、工程的建設(shè)質(zhì)量、組件認(rèn)證、逆變器認(rèn)證與技術(shù)參數(shù)、防雷接地、消防安全、組件防火認(rèn)證等內(nèi)容。

59.安裝過程怎么進行的?

分布式光伏并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的安裝過程是:基礎(chǔ)的建設(shè),支架的安裝,組件的安裝,匯流箱,逆變器,配電柜等電器設(shè)備的安裝,連接線路的安裝,電網(wǎng)接入系統(tǒng)及計量裝置的安裝。

60.安裝過程霈要注意哪些電氣安全要求?會不會漏電對人身產(chǎn)生危瞼?
只要有陽光,光伏組件就會有電,所以有陽光的時候是無法切斷電源的,而且由于串接電壓和積累,相應(yīng)的對地電壓也會很高,因此安裝過程中應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵守系統(tǒng)供應(yīng)商提出的安裝使用說明書,由專業(yè)安裝人員完成,設(shè)備的接線部分均使用專業(yè)的接件進行安裝,防護等級設(shè)為IP65,電器設(shè)備也均有空氣開關(guān)進行保護,

61.分布式光伏與建筑結(jié)合時如何滿足建筑隔熱隔音的要求? 是否會影響室內(nèi)采光?

1. 采用不同的玻璃材質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)控制隔熱和隔音,分布式系統(tǒng)設(shè)備戶內(nèi)型的噪音由用戶和制造廠協(xié)議確定,滿足廣大用戶的需求,與建筑結(jié)合的可設(shè)計隔音與隔熱層,滿足不同用戶個性化需求。

2. 采用不同的電池片及排布方式來調(diào)整透光率,分布式與建筑結(jié)合時會留出采光區(qū)域,不會影響室內(nèi)采光。

62.與建筑結(jié)合的光伏發(fā)電如何防雷?

雷電主要分為兩種危害,直接雷擊和間接雷擊。
直擊雷的防護:在高大的建筑上設(shè)立金屬避雷入地導(dǎo)線,可將巨大的雷雨云層電荷釋放掉。
感應(yīng)雷的防護;在光伏系統(tǒng)中加入防雷器,也就是在匯流箱、逆變器等電器設(shè)備中裝加防雷模塊,用以防護間接雷擊。

63.什么是雙向電表?為什么需要雙向電表?

雙向計量電能表就是能夠計量用電和發(fā)電的電能表,功率和電能都是有方向的,從用電的角度看,耗電的算為正功率或正電能,發(fā)電的算為負(fù)功率或負(fù)電能,該電表可以通過顯示屏分別讀出正向電量和反向電量并將電量數(shù)據(jù)存儲起來。

安裝雙向電表的原因是由于光伏發(fā)出的電存在不能全部被用戶消耗的情況,而余下的電能則需要輸送給電網(wǎng),電表需要計量一個數(shù)字,在光伏發(fā)電不能滿足用戶需求時,這又需要計量另一個數(shù)字,普通單塊表不能達到這一要求,所以需要使用具有雙向電表計量功能的智能電表。

運行維護篇

64.分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的常見故障有哪些?系統(tǒng)各部件可能出現(xiàn)哪些典型問題?

由于電壓未達到啟動設(shè)定值造成逆變器無法工作、無法啟動,由于組件或逆變器原因造成發(fā)電量低等,系統(tǒng)部件可能出現(xiàn)的典型問題有接線盒燒毀、組件局部燒毀。

65.如何處理分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的常見故障?
系統(tǒng)在質(zhì)保期內(nèi)出現(xiàn)問題時可先電話聯(lián)系安裝商或運營商將系統(tǒng)問題說明,安裝商或運營商維護商會根據(jù)用戶敘述內(nèi)容進行解答,如無法將故障排除會派出專人到現(xiàn)場進行檢修。

66.分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的壽命有多長?

不帶蓄電池的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng),設(shè)計壽命一般為20-25 年。

67.如何降低光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的維護成本?

建議選擇的系統(tǒng)各部件和材料市面上口碑好的,售后服務(wù)好的產(chǎn)品,合格的產(chǎn)品能降低故障的發(fā)生率,用戶應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵守系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品的使用手冊,定期對系統(tǒng)進行檢測和清潔維護。

68.系統(tǒng)后期維護怎么處理,多久維護一次?怎樣維護?

根據(jù)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)商的使用說明書對需要定期檢查的部件進行維護,系統(tǒng)主要的維護工作是擦拭組件,而水較大的地區(qū)一般不需要人工擦拭,非雨季節(jié)大概1個月清潔一次,降塵量較大的地區(qū)可以增加清潔的次數(shù),降雪量大的地區(qū)及將厚重積雪去除,避免影響發(fā)電量和雪融后產(chǎn)生的不均勻,及時清理遮擋的樹木或雜物。

69.清潔光伏組件時用清水沖洗和簡單的擦拭就行么?用水擦拭的時候會不會有觸電的危險?

為了避免在高溫和強烈光照下擦拭組件對人身的電擊傷害以及可能對組件的破壞,建議在早晨或者下午較晚的時候進行組件清潔工作,建議清潔光伏組件玻璃表面時用柔軟的刷子,干凈溫和的水,清潔時使用的力度要小,以避免損壞玻璃表面,有鍍膜玻璃的組件要注意避免損壞玻璃層。

70.如何正確利用停機維護時間?

優(yōu)先選擇清晨或傍晚光線弱系統(tǒng)未運行的時候?qū)ο到y(tǒng)進行維護,維護前做好防護措施載絕緣手套使用絕緣工具。

71.如何發(fā)現(xiàn)光伏陣列中某一塊光伏組件是否出現(xiàn)故陣?
當(dāng)用戶發(fā)現(xiàn)在相同時間系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量有所降低或與鄰近安裝相同的發(fā)電系統(tǒng)相比有所降低,則系統(tǒng)可能存在異常,用戶可通過匯流箱中監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)的異常波動及時發(fā)現(xiàn)光伏陣列中某一組件是否出現(xiàn)故障,然后聯(lián)系專業(yè)人員用鉗型表、熱像儀等專業(yè)化設(shè)備對系統(tǒng)進行診斷,最終確定系統(tǒng)中出現(xiàn)問題的組件。

72.光伏組件上的房屋陰影、樹葉甚至鳥糞的遮擋會對發(fā)電系統(tǒng)造成影響嗎?

光伏組件上的房屋陰影、樹葉甚至鳥糞的遮擋會對發(fā)電系統(tǒng)造成比較大的影響,每個組件所用太陽電池的電特性基本一致,否則將在電性能不好或被遮擋的電池上產(chǎn)生所謂熱斑效應(yīng),一串聯(lián)中被遮擋的太陽電池組件將被當(dāng)做負(fù)載消耗其它有光照的太陽電池組件所產(chǎn)生的能量,被遮擋的太陽電池組件此時會發(fā)熱,這就是熱效應(yīng)現(xiàn)象,這種現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重的情況下會損壞太陽能組件,為了避免串聯(lián)支路的熱斑需要在光伏組件上加裝旁路二極管,為了防止串聯(lián)回路的熱斑則需要在每一路光伏組串上安裝直流保險,即使沒有熱斑效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生太陽電池的遮擋也會影響到發(fā)電量。

73.為防止光伏組件遭重物撞擊,能不能給光伏陣列加裝鐵絲防護網(wǎng)?

不建議安裝鐵絲防護網(wǎng),因為沿光伏陣列加裝鐵絲防護網(wǎng)可能會給組件局部造成陰影,形成熱斑效應(yīng),對整個光伏電站的發(fā)電效率造成影響。另外,由于合格的光伏組件均已通過冰球撞擊實驗,一般情況下的撞擊不會影響組件的性能。

74.烈日當(dāng)空,易損器件壞了需立即更換嗎?

不能夠立即更換,如要更換建議在早晨或者下午較晚的時候進行,應(yīng)及時聯(lián)系電站運維人員,由專業(yè)人員前往更換。

75.雷雨防雷天氣需要斷開光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)嗎?

分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)都裝有防雷裝置,所以不用斷開。為了安全保險建議可以選擇斷開匯流箱的斷路器開關(guān),切斷與光伏組件的電路連接,避免防雷模塊無法去除的直擊雷產(chǎn)生危害,運維人員應(yīng)及時檢測防雷模塊的性能,以避免防雷模塊失效產(chǎn)生的危害。

76.雪后需要清理光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)嗎?光伏組件冬天積雪消融結(jié)冰后如何處理?可以踩在組件上面進行清理工作嗎?

雪后組件上如果堆積有厚重積雪是需要清潔的,可以利用柔軟物品將雪推下,注意不要劃傷玻璃,組件是有一定承重的,但是不能踩在組件上面清掃,會造成組件隱蔽損壞,影響組件壽命,一般建議不要等積雪過厚在清洗,以免組件過度結(jié)冰。

77.分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)能抵抗冰雹的危害嗎?

光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)中的合格組件必須通過正面最大靜載荷(風(fēng)載荷、雪載荷)5400P
A,背面最大靜載荷2400PA 和直徑25MM 的冰雹以23M/S 秒的速度撞擊等嚴(yán)格的測試,因此不會對光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)帶來危害。

78.如何處理太陽電池的溫升和通風(fēng)問題?

光伏電池的輸出功率會隨著溫度上升而降低,通風(fēng)散熱可以提高發(fā)電效率,最常用的辦法為自然風(fēng)進行通風(fēng)。

79.光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)對用戶有電磁福射危害嗎?
光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是根據(jù)光產(chǎn)生伏打效應(yīng)原理將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能,無污染、無輻射,逆變器、配電柜等電子器件都通過EMC(電磁兼容性)測試,所以對人體沒有危害。

80.光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)有噪音危害嗎?

光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能,不會產(chǎn)生燥音影響,逆變器的噪音指標(biāo)不高于65 分貝,也不會有噪音危害。

81.戶用分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的防火和消防應(yīng)注意什么問題?
分布式發(fā)電系統(tǒng)附近禁止堆放易燃易爆物品,一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)所造成的人員及財產(chǎn)損失不可估量,除了基本的消防安全措施外,還特別提醒光伏系統(tǒng)具有自我檢測、和防火功能,降低火災(zāi)發(fā)生可能性,此外還需要每隔最長40 米就必須預(yù)留防火和維修通道,而且必須有方便操作的緊急直流系統(tǒng)斷路開關(guān)。

82.并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障后,用戶應(yīng)向誰報修,有沒有全國統(tǒng)一服務(wù)電話?

光伏系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障要第一時間將問題反饋給安裝商,安裝商會在最短時間內(nèi)做出故障處理,建議選擇大品牌、信譽好的安裝商。


質(zhì)量監(jiān)控篇

83.為什么要重視分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量監(jiān)控?

首先分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)多是與建筑相結(jié)合,若是系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量存在問題不但可能造成發(fā)電系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部設(shè)備的損壞,甚至?xí):Φ浇ㄖ锱潆娬炯爸苓吶藛T的安全,其次分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)多為自用,若是系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量存在問題可能會對用電設(shè)備造成損壞。再次分布發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是以發(fā)電量來獲得經(jīng)濟效益的,若質(zhì)量存在問題就會影響整個系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量和壽命,進而影響整個系統(tǒng)的收益。

84.各個部件合格就意味系統(tǒng)集成不需檢測了嗎?

光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)雖然是由各個部件組成,但各部件合格并不意味著系統(tǒng)集成就合格,系統(tǒng)的整體設(shè)計和配置、安全和運行性能等都需要進行檢測和驗證。

85.怎樣選擇合格的系統(tǒng)配件產(chǎn)品,質(zhì)保時間大概多久?

建議選擇通過國家批準(zhǔn)認(rèn)證機構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)配件產(chǎn)品,系統(tǒng)配件產(chǎn)品的規(guī)格型號和技術(shù)參數(shù)應(yīng)附合整個系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計要求,一般來說組件要求質(zhì)保五年,逆變器要求質(zhì)保至少兩年。

86.獲得國家補貼需要哪些產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證?

在電網(wǎng)接入驗收環(huán)節(jié)要保證建成的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)符合相應(yīng)的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和質(zhì)量要求才能通過驗收,光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中主要設(shè)備包括組件、匯流箱、逆變器等都是需要有相應(yīng)的國內(nèi)認(rèn)證。

87.怎樣判斷分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量好壞?

分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量好壞要經(jīng)過部件和系統(tǒng)兩個部分的綜合檢測才能確定,檢測內(nèi)容包括對各個部件的檢測,對系統(tǒng)安全和性能進行檢測。

88.分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)質(zhì)量問題后,供應(yīng)商會走什么維修程序,大概需要多長時間?

分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)質(zhì)量問題后現(xiàn)場地維護人員需要判斷問題點,反饋給供應(yīng)商,供應(yīng)商通常會先派工程師到現(xiàn)場地確認(rèn)質(zhì)量問題并進行解決,若是由于關(guān)鍵設(shè)備引起的質(zhì)量問題,供應(yīng)商會聯(lián)系設(shè)備廠家,設(shè)備廠家工和師一般一周內(nèi)會到現(xiàn)場進行維修處理。

89.業(yè)主怎樣大致判斷自己的光伏系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)劣?懷疑系統(tǒng)存在質(zhì)量問題應(yīng)該如何尋求得到解決?

業(yè)主可以從以下幾個方面進行初步判斷,首先對系統(tǒng)外觀進行檢查,如組件、陣列、匯流箱等,若發(fā)現(xiàn)問題可以采取相應(yīng)措施及時解決,檢查電站建設(shè)承包單位采用的系統(tǒng)部件是否具備質(zhì)量認(rèn)證證書,另外還要對系統(tǒng)的安全性進行現(xiàn)場測試,如接地線連續(xù)性,絕緣性,是否具有防雷裝置等,還需要對系統(tǒng)電氣效率進行測試,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,應(yīng)該讓電站建設(shè)單位及時解決。

90.如何判斷分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)工作是否穩(wěn)定,電能質(zhì)量是否達到要求,系統(tǒng)故障狀態(tài)下是否會對家用電器造成損壞?

分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)一般都具有數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)控功能的,可以通過對監(jiān)控數(shù)據(jù)的分析判斷系統(tǒng)是否穩(wěn)定運行,如有條件也可以使用電能質(zhì)量分析議在電站并網(wǎng)點電能質(zhì)量進行測試,看是否符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求,一般光伏系統(tǒng)故障情況下會有保護裝置切斷電源,因此不會對家用電器造成損壞。

91.分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量監(jiān)控數(shù)據(jù)和電表的計量數(shù)據(jù)是一樣的嗎?誤差有多大?

分布式光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量監(jiān)控數(shù)據(jù)和電表的計量數(shù)據(jù)不一定是一樣的,如在同一個并網(wǎng)點采用想同的電量計量設(shè)備,精度也完全想同,那么得出的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該是一樣的,但光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)使用的監(jiān)控設(shè)備往往是系統(tǒng)建設(shè)單位自己采用的設(shè)備,而電表計量設(shè)備往往是電力部門的設(shè)備,因此設(shè)備不同得到的數(shù)據(jù)可能也會有一些差距,誤差有多少要根據(jù)具體情況而定,而電費和補貼費用的結(jié)算是依據(jù)電力部門安裝的計量設(shè)備。

92.并網(wǎng)時如何監(jiān)控上網(wǎng)電量?

目前并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)主要是通過在并網(wǎng)點安裝經(jīng)過當(dāng)?shù)仉娏Σ块T認(rèn)可的電能計量表來進行監(jiān)控,另外當(dāng)?shù)氐碾娏φ{(diào)試中心通??梢酝ㄟ^遠程通訊對各個并網(wǎng)光伏系統(tǒng)上網(wǎng)電量進行監(jiān)控,業(yè)主也可以自行建設(shè)簡化的信息系統(tǒng),監(jiān)控和優(yōu)化上網(wǎng)電量。

93.系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)在線監(jiān)測嗎?
各電網(wǎng)企業(yè)配合本級能源主管部門并展開本能電網(wǎng)覆蓋范圍內(nèi)分布式發(fā)電的計量,信息監(jiān)測與統(tǒng)計。若是用戶光伏系統(tǒng)安裝有相應(yīng)的監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)可以對發(fā)電量實現(xiàn)在線監(jiān)測,另外監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)還可對關(guān)鍵設(shè)備參數(shù)、電能質(zhì)量、環(huán)境參數(shù)等實現(xiàn)在線監(jiān)測。

94.我國目前獲得許可的光伏系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品檢測和質(zhì)量認(rèn)證機構(gòu)有哪些?

認(rèn)證機構(gòu)主要有:北京鑒衡認(rèn)證中心和中國質(zhì)量認(rèn)證中心。
檢測機構(gòu)主要有:中國科學(xué)院太陽光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和風(fēng)力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量檢測中心、國家太陽能光伏產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗中心、中國電子科技集團公司第十八研究所、中國航天科技集團公司第811 研究所、深圳電子產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量檢測中心、楊
州光電產(chǎn)品檢測中心等。

成本效益與商業(yè)模式篇


95.如何估算家庭分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的投資? 一般需要多長時間才可以收回成本?

投資安裝家用分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)取決于安裝容量和系統(tǒng)投資兩個主要條件,其中光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的硬件(包括光伏組件、并網(wǎng)逆變器、線材、安裝支架、計量表、監(jiān)控設(shè)備等)成本會隨著市場供求關(guān)系的波動、光伏行業(yè)的技術(shù)進步和效率提升而有所變化,并且是與安裝容量大小有關(guān),一般是按系統(tǒng)的單瓦價格來計算,除了硬件購買之外還要加上系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)施工,系統(tǒng)安裝,調(diào)式與并網(wǎng)過程中產(chǎn)生的少量費用,系統(tǒng)安裝容量越大,成本構(gòu)成中的一些基礎(chǔ)費用會被攤薄,使得單位投資成本有所下降。
根據(jù)光照條件、用戶側(cè)電價、補貼及系統(tǒng)成本的不同,6-10 年即可以收回成本,余下的15 年所產(chǎn)生的電量收入會成為利潤。togrenner 的投資評估小軟件,可以大概測算一個數(shù)值供參考。

96.如何估算分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的運行維護成本?

分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的運行維護主要是對系統(tǒng)的機械安裝、電氣連接的日常檢測,對光伏組件的清洗,對部分失效部件的更換等簡單操作,成本相對較低,對于10 千瓦以下的系統(tǒng)維護成本幾乎可以忽略不計,但是MW 級的電站應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)算1%-3%維護成本進入系統(tǒng)的總投資,每次每平方米的清洗成本在0.5-0.8元不等,主要取決于當(dāng)?shù)厝斯こ杀竞瓦\維服務(wù)提供人員的多少。

97.如何估算分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的度電成本?

發(fā)電成本與安裝地點的人工成本、日照資源、安裝方式、系統(tǒng)投資、當(dāng)?shù)仉妰r、系統(tǒng)有效壽命、財務(wù)成本等有著密切的關(guān)系,所以度電成本肯定不是一個精確的數(shù)據(jù),綜合考慮這些因素,假定分布式光伏發(fā)電的壽命為20 年,根據(jù)不同地區(qū)資源和技術(shù)條件,分布式光伏發(fā)電的度電成本大致的范圍為0.7-1.4元/度電左右。

98.如何核算分布式光伏發(fā)電業(yè)主的補貼收益?

補貼收益分為三個部分,一部分是國家補貼,一部分是自發(fā)自用抵消的用電費用,一部分是剩余電量上網(wǎng)的脫硫煤收購電價,其中所有電量全部自用的補貼收益為(本地電價+分布式發(fā)電國家補貼)*全部發(fā)電量,部分電量自發(fā)自用,部分余電上網(wǎng)的補貼收益(自發(fā)自用的比例*本地電價+分布式發(fā)電國家補貼+上網(wǎng)比例*脫硫煤收購電價)*全部發(fā)電量。

99.影響投資收益的因素有哪些?

影響系統(tǒng)投資收益的主要原因有發(fā)電量設(shè)計(光照資源、系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)換效率、系統(tǒng)的維護水平),系統(tǒng)的初投資、財務(wù)成本、補貼政策、電站的質(zhì)量可靠性與售后服務(wù)。具體來講如何選擇電站的建設(shè)地址、如何選擇發(fā)電技術(shù)與供應(yīng)商、如何提前做好投資收益分析、如何選擇有規(guī)模有品牌的光伏系統(tǒng)提供商和質(zhì)保服務(wù)、如何做好發(fā)電量優(yōu)化等。

100.分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)有哪些建設(shè)和商業(yè)模式?
分布式光伏發(fā)電項目所依托的建筑物以及設(shè)施應(yīng)具有合法性,如果業(yè)主具有項目單位與項目所依托的建筑物所有權(quán)可以采用自建方式,業(yè)主出資建設(shè),業(yè)主獲得收益,如果項目單位與項目所依托的建筑及設(shè)施所有人非統(tǒng)一主體時,項目單位與建筑物及設(shè)施的所有人簽訂建筑物及設(shè)施的使用或租用協(xié)議,視經(jīng)費方式與電力用戶簽訂合同能源管理服務(wù)協(xié)議。

101.什么叫做合同能源管理?

合同能源管理是一種新型的市場化節(jié)能機制,其實質(zhì)就是以減少的能源費用來支付節(jié)能項目全部成本的節(jié)能業(yè)務(wù)方式,這種節(jié)能降耗投資方式允許客戶用未來的節(jié)能收益為工廠和設(shè)備升級,以降低運行成本,或者企業(yè)以承諾節(jié)能項目的節(jié)能效益或承包整體能源費用的方式為客戶提供節(jié)能服務(wù)。

102.工商業(yè)用戶安裝光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)有什么好處?

工商業(yè)用戶安裝光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的好處有:工商業(yè)用電量大,電價高,自發(fā)自用的比例大,回收期短,收益率高。另外光伏系統(tǒng)有節(jié)能減排的社會效益,能夠幫工業(yè)用戶完成節(jié)能減排指標(biāo),同時可以降低企業(yè)的用電成本,提高企業(yè)竟?fàn)幜Α?br>
103.用戶資金不足可以申請銀行貨款建設(shè)分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)嗎?借款人需要具備哪些條件?

除項目資本金外和資金,可以申請銀行貨款解決,近期部分銀行和其他金融機構(gòu)已經(jīng)開始向分布式用戶提供貸款等金融服務(wù),如國家開發(fā)銀行已聯(lián)合國家能源局制定《關(guān)于支持分布式發(fā)電金融服務(wù)的意見》,明確了國家開發(fā)銀行給予分布式光伏發(fā)電信貸支持的對像形式和條件等政策,一般而言信用狀況良好、無重大不良記錄的企事業(yè)法人以及具備完全民事責(zé)任的自然人都可以申請銀行貸款。

104.申請銀行貸款額度最高可達多少?期限多長?利率多少?還款方式有哪些?

參照我國有關(guān)投資項目資本金制度的規(guī)定,用戶至少應(yīng)籌集項目總投資20%的資本金,相應(yīng)申請銀行貸款的比例最高可達80%,參照電力項目中長期貸款,根據(jù)貸款人及項目實際,分布式光伏發(fā)電項目貸款期限一般最長可達15 年,目前我國逐步實現(xiàn)利率市場化,在人民銀行基準(zhǔn)利率的基礎(chǔ)上,各銀行可根據(jù)自身情況實行靈活定價,還款方式一般可實行等額本息或等額本金的還款方式。

105.分布式光伏發(fā)電項目的貨款模式主要有哪些?

按用戶是否直接向銀行申請貸款進行分類,貸款模式可分為直接貸款模式和統(tǒng)借統(tǒng)還模式,符合銀行規(guī)定的直接申請貸款資格的分布式發(fā)電投資主體可直接申請銀行貸款支持,另對不符合直接申請貸款的企業(yè)和自然人,一般采用統(tǒng)借統(tǒng)還的模式予以支持,如國家開發(fā)銀行計劃建立具備借款資格和承貸能力的統(tǒng)借平臺,由國家開發(fā)銀行向統(tǒng)借平臺提供授信,平臺再以季托貸款(可通過商業(yè)銀行)等方式向用戶提供貸款支持,用戶可以根據(jù)自身情況向當(dāng)?shù)劂y行或統(tǒng)借平臺提出貸款申請。

106.申請銀行貸款需要準(zhǔn)備哪些資料?貸款發(fā)放需要哪些條件?

申請銀行貸款的借款人一般需準(zhǔn)備的材料,自然人身份證明、個人資產(chǎn)證明或企業(yè)經(jīng)營執(zhí)照、公司章程、近三年財務(wù)審計報告、項目備案、電網(wǎng)接入批復(fù)、用地或屋頂租賃協(xié)議、電力購買協(xié)議、能源管理合同等有關(guān)文件,一般情況貸款發(fā)放前應(yīng)完成項目備案以及電力購買協(xié)議、能源管理合同等有關(guān)協(xié)議的簽訂。

"China distributed photovoltaic power generation 100 questions and answers" by the Renewable Energy Institute Photoelectric Professional Committee compiled, in order to facilitate the majority of photovoltaic micro friends to read, the site Xiaobian collated the text version.

This article is the most complete version of the network visible, welcome to forward the collection!

Principle and significance

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1. What is photovoltaic power generation?What is distributed photovoltaic power generation?

Photovoltaic power generation refers to the use of solar radiation directly into electricity generation, photovoltaic power generation is the mainstream of solar power generation, so now people often say that solar power generation is photovoltaic power generation.

Distributed power generation refers to the photovoltaic power generation facilities built near the user site, which are mainly operated for spontaneous and self-use on the user side. The surplus electricity is connected to the Internet, but the distribution system is characterized by balance adjustment.

Distributed power generation follows the original test of adjusting measures to local conditions, clean and efficient, decentralized layout and nearby utilization, and makes full use of local solar energy resources to replace and reduce fossil energy consumption.

2. Do you know the historical origin of photovoltaic power generation?

In 1839, the 19-year-old French Henri Becquerel was doing physical experiments, and found that the current would be strengthened when two metal electrodes in the conductive liquid were irradiated with light, thus finding the "photovoltaic effect". In 1930, Langge first proposed using the "photovoltaic effect" to make solar cells, which turn the sun's energy into electricity.

In 1932, Odubote and Stolla made the first "cadmium sulfide" solar cell.

In 1941, Aldoo discovered the photovoltaic effect on silicon.

In May 1954, the United States bell LABS bing, fuller and peel loosen the efficiency as 6% of monocrystalline silicon solar cells, and this is the first in the world have the practical value of solar cells, and for the first time in the same year wake found nickel arsenide photovoltaic effect, and deposited nickel sulfide bo film on glass, made the solar cell, the sun's rays into electricity practical photovoltaic power generation technology was born and developed.

3. How do photovoltaic cells generate electricity?

Photovoltaic cell is a kind of light, electricity transformation characteristics of semiconductor devices, it directly convert solar radiation into direct current, is the most basic unit of photovoltaic power generation, electrical characteristics of pv cell characteristic is using and incorporating some elements in the crystalline silicon (such as phosphorus and boron, etc.), thereby having a permanent in material molecular charge imbalance, the formation of semiconductor materials with special performance, under the sun with special electrical produces free charge in the semiconductor, the directional movement and free charge accumulation, which generate electricity when it closed at both ends, a phenomenon known as "photovoltaic effect" referred to as the photovoltaic effect.

4. What are the components of a photovoltaic power generation system?

The photovoltaic power generation system is composed of photovoltaic phalanx (photovoltaic phalanx is composed of photovoltaic modules in series and parallel), controller, battery pack, DC/AC inverter and other parts. Core parts of photovoltaic power generation system is photovoltaic modules, and pv modules is packaged by photovoltaic cells and in series, in parallel, it will be the sun's light energy into electrical energy directly, photovoltaic modules generate electricity for direct current (dc), we can use them with inverter can also converted into alternating current use, from another point of view for photovoltaic system can generate electricity namely hair box, also can use the energy storage device such as battery energy storage, free to use at any time according to need.

5. What is a distribution network?What is the relationship between distribution network and distributed photovoltaic power generation?

Power plants to accept electricity from the grid or regions, by assigning or distribution facilities in situ according to voltage level assigned to each kind of user network, is made up of overhead line, cable, tower, power distribution transformer, isolating switch, reactive power compensation capacitance, metering device, and other ancillary facilities of generally adopt closed loop design, and ring, its structure into radial, distributed power distribution network access in power generation and power distribution system, power distribution network structure from the radial structure become more power structure, short circuit current size, direction and distribution characteristics were changed.

6. Why is photovoltaic power a green and low-carbon energy source?

Photovoltaic (pv) power generation has significant energy, environmental protection and economic benefit, is one of the most high quality green energy, under the condition of our country average sunshine install 1 mw photovoltaic power generation systems, 1 year can be sent 1200 KWH, can reduce the usage of about 400 kilograms of standard coal, coal to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from about 1 ton, according to the world wide fund for nature (WWF) the results of the study: from the effect of carbon dioxide, photovoltaic power generation system is equivalent to install 1 square meters of afforestation, 100 square meters, the current development of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (pv) power generation is fundamentally solve the smog, acid rain, etc. One of the effective means of environmental problems.

7. How do you view the news that "a large amount of energy is consumed in the production of photovoltaic cell modules"?

Photovoltaic cells in its production process does need to consume a certain amount of energy, especially industrial silicon purification, high-purity polycrystalline silicon production, monocrystalline silicon rod/polycrystalline silicon ingot production of three links of high energy consumption, but the photovoltaic cells in 20 years of service life can continue to produce energy. It is estimated that under the average sunshine conditions in China, the energy return of the photovoltaic power generation system during its whole life period exceeds its energy consumption by more than 15 times.The energy recovery period of the 1-kilowatt rooftop photovoltaic grid-connected system installed at the optimal inclination Angle in Beijing is 1.5-2 years, far below the service life of the photovoltaic system. That is to say, the electricity produced by the photovoltaic system in the first 1.5-2 years is used to offset the energy consumed in the production process, etc., while the energy produced after 1.5-2 years is pure output. Therefore, the energy consumption of the photovoltaic cell should be evaluated from the perspective of the whole life cycle.

8. How do you view the news that "the production of photovoltaic cell modules will produce a large amount of pollution?

Photovoltaic cell component production including polysilicon, silicon ingot wafers, pv batteries and photovoltaic modules for industrial chain link, the related reports of pollution mainly refers to the raw materials, in the production of high purity polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules of byproduct of high purity polysilicon production mainly is to use the improved Siemens method, the law will metallurgical grade silicon into cross-linked with helium, in the add hydrogen reduction into solar energy polysilicon, also can form silicon chloride, the by-product of silicon tetrachloride in moist air is decomposed into silicic acid and hydrochloric acid, can produce pollution if not handled properly, but at present, China's polysilicon production enterprises to adopt the improved Siemens method can achieve closed-loop production, The by-product silicon tetrachloride and tail gas are recycled to realize clean production.In December 2010, the state issued the Access Conditions for Polycrystalline Silicon Industry, which stipulated that the recovery rate of silicon tetrachloride and chlorine gas in the reduction tail gas should not be less than 98.5% and 99%. Therefore, the mature improved Siemens production technology fully meets the requirements of environmental protection and will not cause environmental pollution.

9. How much sunlight can we use?Could it be the dominant energy source of the future?

The Earth's surface receives 10,000 times as much solar radiation as the world's energy needs. The average annual radiation received per square meter of the earth's surface ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 kWh, depending on the region. According to the International Energy Agency, installing solar photovoltaic systems on 4% of the world's deserts would be enough to meet the world's energy needs. Solar photovoltaic enjoys broad development space and its potential is very huge.

According to preliminary statistics, in China only USES the existing building installation photovoltaic its market potential is about 3 trillion kw or more, plus the western vast gobi photovoltaic market potential is about billions kilowatt above, with the technological progress and scale application of photovoltaic power generation, will further reduce the cost of power generation, become more competitive in the energy supply way, step by step from complementary energy to alternative energy sources and hopes to become a leading energy in the future.

Resources and applications

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10. How are the solar energy resources distributed in China?

The total solar radiation resources in China are rich, and the distribution characteristics are that the plateau is larger than the plain, and the western region is larger than the eastern region, among which the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most abundant, and the Sichuan Basin is relatively low in resources.

11. What are the applications of distributed photovoltaic power generation?

Distributed photovoltaic power generation includes application forms such as grid-connected, off-grid and multi-energy complementary micro-grid. Grid-connected distributed power generation is mostly applied near users. Generally, it operates in parallel with medium and low-voltage distribution networks and is for self-use. Off-grid distributed photovoltaic power generation is mostly used in remote areas and island areas. It is not connected to the large power grid, but directly supplies power to the load using its own generation system and energy storage system.The distributed photovoltaic system can also form a multi-energy complementary micro-electric system with other power generation modes, such as water, wind, light, etc., which can either operate independently as a micro-grid or be connected to the grid.

12. Where is distributed photovoltaic power generation applicable?

The application of distributed photovoltaic power generation system can be divided into two categories:

First, it can be promoted on all kinds of buildings and public facilities nationwide to form a distributed building photovoltaic power generation system. The distributed power generation system can be established by using all kinds of local buildings and public facilities to meet part of the electricity demand of power users and provide production electricity for high-energy consuming enterprises.

Two islands, but in remote areas such as less electricity without electricity promotion, formation or micro grid off-grid power generation system, due to the gap of economic development level, our country still has a part of the rural population did not solve the problem of basic electricity, past rural electric engineering mostly depend on the extension of power grid, power supply, small hydropower and thermal power grid extension is difficult, and power supply radius is too long, can lead to the power supply quality is poorer, developing off-grid type distributed generation not only can be solved in basic electricity, electricity less electricity residents can also clean and efficient use of the local available in raw energy, effectively solve the energy and the environment between MAO dun.

13. Where are suitable locations for installing distributed photovoltaic systems?

Industrial factory building, especially in electricity consumption is bigger, the online electricity is more expensive in the factory, workshop roof area is large, usually open flat roof, suitable for installation of pv array and because of its high power load, distributed photovoltaic (pv) grid system can be done with in situ given, offset part of the online power, thereby saving the user's electricity.

Commercial buildings: similar to the effect of the industrial park, the difference is that commercial buildings more for cement roof, is more advantageous to install photovoltaic array, but usually have requirements of architectural aesthetics, according to the shopping malls, office buildings, hotels, conference center, resorts and other service industry characteristics, user load characteristic is generally characterized by higher during the day, night is low, to better match the photovoltaic properties.

Agricultural facilities: There are a large number of usable roofs in rural areas, including self-owned houses, greenhouses, fish ponds, etc. In rural areas, which are often at the end of the public power grid and have poor power quality, the construction of distributed photovoltaic system in rural areas can improve electricity security and power quality.

Municipal and other public buildings: due to unified management standards, relatively reliable user load and commercial behavior, high enthusiasm for installation, municipal and other public buildings are also suitable for distributed photovoltaic centralized continuous construction.

Remote farming and pastoral areas and islands: due to the distance from the power grid, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia,

In remote farming and pastoral areas in provinces such as Gansu and Sichuan, as well as coastal islands in China, there are millions of people without electricity. Off-grid photovoltaic systems or micro-grid power generation systems complementary to other energy sources are suitable for application in these areas.

14. What is the distributed photovoltaic power generation system combined with buildings?

The photovoltaic grid-connected power generation combined with buildings is an important application form of distributed photovoltaic power generation at present. The technology is making rapid progress, which is mainly reflected in the installation method combined with buildings and the electrical design of building photovoltaic. According to the different installation methods combined with buildings, it can be divided into photovoltaic integration and photovoltaic building addition.

15. What is the difference between the installation of PV array on the facade of a building and the installation on the roof?

The ways of combining photovoltaic arrays with buildings can be divided into two ways: roof installation and side elevation installation. It can be said that these two installation ways are suitable for most buildings.

The roof installation forms mainly include horizontal roof, inclined roof and photovoltaic lighting roof

Among them:

Horizontal roof glazing array can be installed at the best Angle to obtain the maximum power generation, and conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules can be used to reduce the module investment cost, which is usually relatively good in economy, but the aesthetics of this installation method is general.

Reveled roofs can be used to install PV arrays on roofs facing due south, southeast, southwest, east or west in the Northern Hemisphere. Reveled roofs facing due south can be installed at the best Angle or near the best Angle.

Photovoltaic lighting roof refers to in a transparent photovoltaic cells as the lighting on the top of the building components, beautiful sex is very good, and meet the needs of pervious to light, but photovoltaic lighting roof needs transparent components, module efficiency is lower, in addition to the generation of transparent, daylighting top component must satisfy certain connection construction aspects, such as mechanics, aesthetics, structure, component cost is high, the cost is high, bring construction to promote social value of the concept of green effect.

Side elevation installation mainly refers to the way of installing photovoltaic modules on the south wall and east wall of the building. For high-rise buildings, the wall is the outer surface with the largest contact area with sunlight, and the photovoltaic curtain wall is a more common application method.

16. Can agricultural greenhouses and fish ponds install distributed photovoltaic grid-connected systems?

Greenhouse warming, insulation has been a key problem in farmers, agricultural greenhouses photovoltaic (pv) is expected to solve this problem, due to the high temperature of summer in September 6 - many vegetables can't normal growth of the category, and agricultural greenhouses photovoltaic as added a spectral machine outside the agricultural greenhouses, can isolate infrared ray, prevent excessive heat in greenhouses, in winter and night and can prevent the greenhouses in red wavelengths of light outward radiation, heat preservation effect. Photovoltaic agricultural greenhouses can supply the electricity needed for lighting in agricultural greenhouses, and the remaining electricity can also be connected to the grid.

In the off-grid form of photovoltaic greenhouse, it can be mutually deployed with the LED system to protect the growth of plants during the day and generate electricity at the same time. The night LED system uses daytime electricity to provide lighting.

The photovoltaic array can also be set up in the fish pond, and the pond can continue to raise fish. The photovoltaic array can also provide a good shielding effect for fish farming, which better solves the contradiction between the development of new energy and a large amount of occupied land. Therefore, the distributed photovoltaic power generation system can be installed in agricultural greenhouses and fish ponds.

Policy paper

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17. What is "self-use, surplus power online "?

Spontaneous electric refers to online distributed photovoltaic systems for self-use by power mainly used by power users themselves, redundant power grid, it is a kind of business model of distributed photovoltaic power generation, photovoltaic and outlets located in the user meter for this kind of operation mode of the load side, need to add a piece of photovoltaic (pv) against sending electricity metering meters or set the grid electricity meters into a two-way measurement, the user's own direct use of solar power, save electricity by way of directly enjoy sales of electricity power grid, the sending power separate measurement and settlement of a feed-in tariff.

18. What is the "photovoltaic grid benchmark price" policy?

Photovoltaic benchmark price policy is based on the present cost of photovoltaic power generation, and consider the reasonable profit after the price of electricity, solar photovoltaic power project developers at that price will be sold to the grid enterprise, the local higher desulfurization of coal fire power plant balance part of online electricity price benchmarking to entire network allocation method for grid enterprises covering, photovoltaic benchmark price policy is mainly suitable for large scale photovoltaic power station.

"China distributed photovoltaic power generation 100 questions and answers" by the Renewable Energy Institute Photoelectric Professional Committee compiled, in order to facilitate the majority of photovoltaic micro friends to read, the site Xiaobian collated the text version.

This article is the most complete version of the network visible, welcome to forward the collection!

Principle and significance

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1. What is photovoltaic power generation?What is distributed photovoltaic power generation?

Photovoltaic power generation refers to the use of solar radiation directly into electricity generation, photovoltaic power generation is the mainstream of solar power generation, so now people often say that solar power generation is photovoltaic power generation.

Distributed power generation refers to the photovoltaic power generation facilities built near the user site, which are mainly operated for spontaneous and self-use on the user side. The surplus electricity is connected to the Internet, but the distribution system is characterized by balance adjustment.

Distributed power generation follows the original test of adjusting measures to local conditions, clean and efficient, decentralized layout and nearby utilization, and makes full use of local solar energy resources to replace and reduce fossil energy consumption.

2. Do you know the historical origin of photovoltaic power generation?

In 1839, the 19-year-old French Henri Becquerel was doing physical experiments, and found that the current would be strengthened when two metal electrodes in the conductive liquid were irradiated with light, thus finding the "photovoltaic effect". In 1930, Langge first proposed using the "photovoltaic effect" to make solar cells, which turn the sun's energy into electricity.

In 1932, Odubote and Stolla made the first "cadmium sulfide" solar cell.

In 1941, Aldoo discovered the photovoltaic effect on silicon.

In May 1954, the United States bell LABS bing, fuller and peel loosen the efficiency as 6% of monocrystalline silicon solar cells, and this is the first in the world have the practical value of solar cells, and for the first time in the same year wake found nickel arsenide photovoltaic effect, and deposited nickel sulfide bo film on glass, made the solar cell, the sun's rays into electricity practical photovoltaic power generation technology was born and developed.

3. How do photovoltaic cells generate electricity?

Photovoltaic cell is a kind of light, electricity transformation characteristics of semiconductor devices, it directly convert solar radiation into direct current, is the most basic unit of photovoltaic power generation, electrical characteristics of pv cell characteristic is using and incorporating some elements in the crystalline silicon (such as phosphorus and boron, etc.), thereby having a permanent in material molecular charge imbalance, the formation of semiconductor materials with special performance, under the sun with special electrical produces free charge in the semiconductor, the directional movement and free charge accumulation, which generate electricity when it closed at both ends, a phenomenon known as "photovoltaic effect" referred to as the photovoltaic effect.

4. What are the components of a photovoltaic power generation system?

The photovoltaic power generation system is composed of photovoltaic phalanx (photovoltaic phalanx is composed of photovoltaic modules in series and parallel), controller, battery pack, DC/AC inverter and other parts. Core parts of photovoltaic power generation system is photovoltaic modules, and pv modules is packaged by photovoltaic cells and in series, in parallel, it will be the sun's light energy into electrical energy directly, photovoltaic modules generate electricity for direct current (dc), we can use them with inverter can also converted into alternating current use, from another point of view for photovoltaic system can generate electricity namely hair box, also can use the energy storage device such as battery energy storage, free to use at any time according to need.

5. What is a distribution network?What is the relationship between distribution network and distributed photovoltaic power generation?

Power plants to accept electricity from the grid or regions, by assigning or distribution facilities in situ according to voltage level assigned to each kind of user network, is made up of overhead line, cable, tower, power distribution transformer, isolating switch, reactive power compensation capacitance, metering device, and other ancillary facilities of generally adopt closed loop design, and ring, its structure into radial, distributed power distribution network access in power generation and power distribution system, power distribution network structure from the radial structure become more power structure, short circuit current size, direction and distribution characteristics were changed.

6. Why is photovoltaic power a green and low-carbon energy source?

Photovoltaic (pv) power generation has significant energy, environmental protection and economic benefit, is one of the most high quality green energy, under the condition of our country average sunshine install 1 mw photovoltaic power generation systems, 1 year can be sent 1200 KWH, can reduce the usage of about 400 kilograms of standard coal, coal to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from about 1 ton, according to the world wide fund for nature (WWF) the results of the study: from the effect of carbon dioxide, photovoltaic power generation system is equivalent to install 1 square meters of afforestation, 100 square meters, the current development of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (pv) power generation is fundamentally solve the smog, acid rain, etc. One of the effective means of environmental problems.

7. How do you view the news that "a large amount of energy is consumed in the production of photovoltaic cell modules"?

Photovoltaic cells in its production process does need to consume a certain amount of energy, especially industrial silicon purification, high-purity polycrystalline silicon production, monocrystalline silicon rod/polycrystalline silicon ingot production of three links of high energy consumption, but the photovoltaic cells in 20 years of service life can continue to produce energy. It is estimated that under the average sunshine conditions in China, the energy return of the photovoltaic power generation system during its whole life period exceeds its energy consumption by more than 15 times.The energy recovery period of the 1-kilowatt rooftop photovoltaic grid-connected system installed at the optimal inclination Angle in Beijing is 1.5-2 years, far below the service life of the photovoltaic system. That is to say, the electricity produced by the photovoltaic system in the first 1.5-2 years is used to offset the energy consumed in the production process, etc., while the energy produced after 1.5-2 years is pure output. Therefore, the energy consumption of the photovoltaic cell should be evaluated from the perspective of the whole life cycle.

8. How do you view the news that "the production of photovoltaic cell modules will produce a large amount of pollution?

Photovoltaic cell component production including polysilicon, silicon ingot wafers, pv batteries and photovoltaic modules for industrial chain link, the related reports of pollution mainly refers to the raw materials, in the production of high purity polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules of byproduct of high purity polysilicon production mainly is to use the improved Siemens method, the law will metallurgical grade silicon into cross-linked with helium, in the add hydrogen reduction into solar energy polysilicon, also can form silicon chloride, the by-product of silicon tetrachloride in moist air is decomposed into silicic acid and hydrochloric acid, can produce pollution if not handled properly, but at present, China's polysilicon production enterprises to adopt the improved Siemens method can achieve closed-loop production, The by-product silicon tetrachloride and tail gas are recycled to realize clean production.In December 2010, the state issued the Access Conditions for Polycrystalline Silicon Industry, which stipulated that the recovery rate of silicon tetrachloride and chlorine gas in the reduction tail gas should not be less than 98.5% and 99%. Therefore, the mature improved Siemens production technology fully meets the requirements of environmental protection and will not cause environmental pollution.

9. How much sunlight can we use?Could it be the dominant energy source of the future?

The Earth's surface receives 10,000 times as much solar radiation as the world's energy needs. The average annual radiation received per square meter of the earth's surface ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 kWh, depending on the region. According to the International Energy Agency, installing solar photovoltaic systems on 4% of the world's deserts would be enough to meet the world's energy needs. Solar photovoltaic enjoys broad development space and its potential is very huge.

According to preliminary statistics, in China only USES the existing building installation photovoltaic its market potential is about 3 trillion kw or more, plus the western vast gobi photovoltaic market potential is about billions kilowatt above, with the technological progress and scale application of photovoltaic power generation, will further reduce the cost of power generation, become more competitive in the energy supply way, step by step from complementary energy to alternative energy sources and hopes to become a leading energy in the future.

Resources and applications

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10. How are the solar energy resources distributed in China?

The total solar radiation resources in China are rich, and the distribution characteristics are that the plateau is larger than the plain, and the western region is larger than the eastern region, among which the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most abundant, and the Sichuan Basin is relatively low in resources.

11. What are the applications of distributed photovoltaic power generation?

Distributed photovoltaic power generation includes application forms such as grid-connected, off-grid and multi-energy complementary micro-grid. Grid-connected distributed power generation is mostly applied near users. Generally, it operates in parallel with medium and low-voltage distribution networks and is for self-use. Off-grid distributed photovoltaic power generation is mostly used in remote areas and island areas. It is not connected to the large power grid, but directly supplies power to the load using its own generation system and energy storage system.The distributed photovoltaic system can also form a multi-energy complementary micro-electric system with other power generation modes, such as water, wind, light, etc., which can either operate independently as a micro-grid or be connected to the grid.

12. Where is distributed photovoltaic power generation applicable?

The application of distributed photovoltaic power generation system can be divided into two categories:

First, it can be promoted on all kinds of buildings and public facilities nationwide to form a distributed building photovoltaic power generation system. The distributed power generation system can be established by using all kinds of local buildings and public facilities to meet part of the electricity demand of power users and provide production electricity for high-energy consuming enterprises.

Two islands, but in remote areas such as less electricity without electricity promotion, formation or micro grid off-grid power generation system, due to the gap of economic development level, our country still has a part of the rural population did not solve the problem of basic electricity, past rural electric engineering mostly depend on the extension of power grid, power supply, small hydropower and thermal power grid extension is difficult, and power supply radius is too long, can lead to the power supply quality is poorer, developing off-grid type distributed generation not only can be solved in basic electricity, electricity less electricity residents can also clean and efficient use of the local available in raw energy, effectively solve the energy and the environment between MAO dun.

13. Where are suitable locations for installing distributed photovoltaic systems?

Industrial factory building, especially in electricity consumption is bigger, the online electricity is more expensive in the factory, workshop roof area is large, usually open flat roof, suitable for installation of pv array and because of its high power load, distributed photovoltaic (pv) grid system can be done with in situ given, offset part of the online power, thereby saving the user's electricity.

Commercial buildings: similar to the effect of the industrial park, the difference is that commercial buildings more for cement roof, is more advantageous to install photovoltaic array, but usually have requirements of architectural aesthetics, according to the shopping malls, office buildings, hotels, conference center, resorts and other service industry characteristics, user load characteristic is generally characterized by higher during the day, night is low, to better match the photovoltaic properties.

Agricultural facilities: There are a large number of usable roofs in rural areas, including self-owned houses, greenhouses, fish ponds, etc. In rural areas, which are often at the end of the public power grid and have poor power quality, the construction of distributed photovoltaic system in rural areas can improve electricity security and power quality.

Municipal and other public buildings: due to unified management standards, relatively reliable user load and commercial behavior, high enthusiasm for installation, municipal and other public buildings are also suitable for distributed photovoltaic centralized continuous construction.

Remote farming and pastoral areas and islands: due to the distance from the power grid, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia,

In remote farming and pastoral areas in provinces such as Gansu and Sichuan, as well as coastal islands in China, there are millions of people without electricity. Off-grid photovoltaic systems or micro-grid power generation systems complementary to other energy sources are suitable for application in these areas.

14. What is the distributed photovoltaic power generation system combined with buildings?

The photovoltaic grid-connected power generation combined with buildings is an important application form of distributed photovoltaic power generation at present. The technology is making rapid progress, which is mainly reflected in the installation method combined with buildings and the electrical design of building photovoltaic. According to the different installation methods combined with buildings, it can be divided into photovoltaic integration and photovoltaic building addition.

15. What is the difference between the installation of PV array on the facade of a building and the installation on the roof?

The ways of combining photovoltaic arrays with buildings can be divided into two ways: roof installation and side elevation installation. It can be said that these two installation ways are suitable for most buildings.

The roof installation forms mainly include horizontal roof, inclined roof and photovoltaic lighting roof

Among them:

Horizontal roof glazing array can be installed at the best Angle to obtain the maximum power generation, and conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules can be used to reduce the module investment cost, which is usually relatively good in economy, but the aesthetics of this installation method is general.

Reveled roofs can be used to install PV arrays on roofs facing due south, southeast, southwest, east or west in the Northern Hemisphere. Reveled roofs facing due south can be installed at the best Angle or near the best Angle.

Photovoltaic lighting roof refers to in a transparent photovoltaic cells as the lighting on the top of the building components, beautiful sex is very good, and meet the needs of pervious to light, but photovoltaic lighting roof needs transparent components, module efficiency is lower, in addition to the generation of transparent, daylighting top component must satisfy certain connection construction aspects, such as mechanics, aesthetics, structure, component cost is high, the cost is high, bring construction to promote social value of the concept of green effect.

Side elevation installation mainly refers to the way of installing photovoltaic modules on the south wall and east wall of the building. For high-rise buildings, the wall is the outer surface with the largest contact area with sunlight, and the photovoltaic curtain wall is a more common application method.

16. Can agricultural greenhouses and fish ponds install distributed photovoltaic grid-connected systems?

Greenhouse warming, insulation has been a key problem in farmers, agricultural greenhouses photovoltaic (pv) is expected to solve this problem, due to the high temperature of summer in September 6 - many vegetables can't normal growth of the category, and agricultural greenhouses photovoltaic as added a spectral machine outside the agricultural greenhouses, can isolate infrared ray, prevent excessive heat in greenhouses, in winter and night and can prevent the greenhouses in red wavelengths of light outward radiation, heat preservation effect. Photovoltaic agricultural greenhouses can supply the electricity needed for lighting in agricultural greenhouses, and the remaining electricity can also be connected to the grid.

In the off-grid form of photovoltaic greenhouse, it can be mutually deployed with the LED system to protect the growth of plants during the day and generate electricity at the same time. The night LED system uses daytime electricity to provide lighting.

The photovoltaic array can also be set up in the fish pond, and the pond can continue to raise fish. The photovoltaic array can also provide a good shielding effect for fish farming, which better solves the contradiction between the development of new energy and a large amount of occupied land. Therefore, the distributed photovoltaic power generation system can be installed in agricultural greenhouses and fish ponds.

Policy paper

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17. What is "self-use, surplus power online "?

Spontaneous electric refers to online distributed photovoltaic systems for self-use by power mainly used by power users themselves, redundant power grid, it is a kind of business model of distributed photovoltaic power generation, photovoltaic and outlets located in the user meter for this kind of operation mode of the load side, need to add a piece of photovoltaic (pv) against sending electricity metering meters or set the grid electricity meters into a two-way measurement, the user's own direct use of solar power, save electricity by way of directly enjoy sales of electricity power grid, the sending power separate measurement and settlement of a feed-in tariff.

18. What is the "photovoltaic grid benchmark price" policy?

Photovoltaic benchmark price policy is based on the present cost of photovoltaic power generation, and consider the reasonable profit after the price of electricity, solar photovoltaic power project developers at that price will be sold to the grid enterprise, the local higher desulfurization of coal fire power plant balance part of online electricity price benchmarking to entire network allocation method for grid enterprises covering, photovoltaic benchmark price policy is mainly suitable for large scale photovoltaic power station.

19. What is the "unit electricity quota subsidy" policy?

Unit power electricity subsidy policy norm subsidy policy referred to as "degrees, is according to photovoltaic system's electricity subsidies, mainly is suitable for the distributed photovoltaic generating system, distributed generation USES electricity subsidy policy is characterized by spontaneous for private use, surplus electricity to the Internet, namely spontaneous for photovoltaic power don't do the deal, according to the state electricity give subsidies, the surplus electricity in addition to the power grid enterprise online payment of the desulfurization of coal fire power unit online electricity price benchmarking also enjoy subsidies of KWH.

20. Is the subsidy for "self-use" electricity and "surplus electricity" electricity the same?

At present, the national policy of distributed photovoltaic power generation to take the way of unit electricity quota subsidy, that is, the photovoltaic system of all the power generation are subsidized, so whether it is spontaneous and self-consumption of electricity or residual electricity online are subsidized according to the same standard.

21. Are distributed PV subsidies the same in different fields?

Encourage all kinds of power users, investment companies, professional contract energy management services to companies and individuals as a unit investment projects such as the construction and operation of distributed photovoltaic power generation project, for distributed photovoltaic power generation is adopt to all distributed quota subsidies for solar power, so the pv KWH earnings directly affected by household electricity price level, commercial and industrial electricity price in 0.8 to 1.4 yuan per degree, industrial electricity price in 0.6 0.8 yuan each, utilities electricity price in 0.5 0.6 yuan each, Government schools, hospitals, public institutions, agriculture and residential electricity only 0.3-0.5 yuan per kilowatt hour. Therefore, the use of unit electricity quota subsidy for distributed photovoltaic projects installed in different buildings or power users has different benefits, which requires developers to judge and decide whether the projects are cost-effective.

22. Which departments should be consulted about the policies of distributed photovoltaic power generation?

About distributed photovoltaic related policy should be consulting municipal departments at the county level, the power administrative department under the State Council to encourage the municipal or county level department in charge of energy combined with local actual, establishment and grid access application, online debugging and acceptance, electricity and subsidies and settlement for the combination of distributed photovoltaic power generation project for the record, and completion inspection and acceptance of one-stop service system, simplify the process, improve the efficiency of management.

23. How can users get electricity subsidies from the state?

Power grid enterprises shall be responsible for guiding and cooperating with project units to carry out grid-connected operation and acceptance of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects, and sign purchase and sale contracts with project units. Power grid enterprises shall measure the total power generation and on-grid electricity of distributed projects respectively.

The distributed power generation project shall be subsidized according to the amount of electricity. Power grid enterprises shall settle the on-grid electricity fee with the project unit in accordance with the on-grid electricity price prescribed by the state, and transfer the national subsidy funds to the project unit for all the electricity generated by the project unit on a monthly basis in accordance with the electricity subsidy policy prescribed by the state.

24. In what way will the distributed photovoltaic power subsidy fund be distributed to the owners?

Users from the grid electricity purchasing implementation of normal electricity price policy, redundant photovoltaic power generation to get to the Internet, the power grid enterprises shall, according to the local coal fire electricity price benchmarking for desulphurization acquisition, distributed photovoltaic power generation project output can meet the electric power project corresponding to the user's demand, power grid enterprises must like general electric power users shall bear the liability of power supply.

Photovoltaic power generation project can be build by electricity users, also can use contract energy management mode, and power users should be in accordance with the contract energy management enterprise of contract energy management regulations of the state energy services agreement, users of photovoltaic system construction since the power consumption is not a deal, for the project owners to install photovoltaic power in other power users on the roof for private use, by the project owner and power users shall be carried out in accordance with the contract energy management agreement and settlement.

The power generation of the photovoltaic system shall be measured and counted by the power grid enterprise, and all the power generation of the photovoltaic system shall be subsidized by the national electricity quota. The power grid enterprise shall transfer the national subsidy funds according to the settlement cycle according to the measurement data of the photovoltaic power and the subsidy standard stipulated by the state per kilowatt hour.

Application process for grid-connection

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25. How to apply for distributed photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system access to the grid company?

Distributed project owners in preparing miss information cities or counties to the power grid company customer submit an application for access to the wireless center, customer service center to assist the project owner to fill in the access to the application form, access to apply for acceptance within the time commitment, in the power grid company after customer service center will inform the project owner to confirm access system scheme, the owner after the completion of the project to the customer service center to apply for grid acceptance and commissioning, power grid enterprises will complete the installation of electric energy metering device, 購售 electrical contract and scheduling agreement is signed, hooked up to the acceptance and commissioning work, after the project can be connected to the grid.

26. What if the electricity doesn't run out?How to sell PV surplus electricity to the grid?

After signing the relevant agreement with the power grid company for the on-grid electricity, the power grid company shall measure the unused on-grid electricity, and pay it to the project owner in a timely manner according to the price and subsidy standard stipulated by the state in accordance with the electricity bill settlement cycle.

27. Is there any charge for access to distributed systems?What information do individuals and enterprises need to apply for distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system, and what is the process?

Power grid companies shall not charge any fees for the acceptance of grid-connection applicants, the formulation of access system schemes, the review of access system engineering design, the installation of metering devices, the signing of contracts and agreements, the acceptance and commissioning of grid-connection, and the measurement and settlement services subsidized by the government.

Natural persons and legal persons who apply for grid connection of distributed photovoltaic power generation need the following information respectively:

To apply for a natural person, legal supporting documents such as ID card and photocopy of the person in charge, household registration book and property ownership certificate should be provided

Legal application shall provide the agent id original and photocopy and legal person entrusted book (or the legal representative id original and photocopy), business license for enterprise law, land card legitimacy support files, the government investment projects such as agreed to by the competent department of the approval of the antecedent work of project (need to approve projects), pre-project related information.

28. What issues do distributed photovoltaic systems need to be connected to the grid?

The grid connection of distributed photovoltaic system needs to consider the issues of safety, photovoltaic configuration, measurement and settlement. In terms of safety, whether the dot switch meets the safety requirements, and whether the safety of equipment in the case of abnormal or fault in the grid can be disconnected reliably in the case of power failure in the grid to ensure personal safety.

In terms of photovoltaic configuration, the configuration of photovoltaic capacity, the selection of main equipment, the selection of access points, the realization of system monitoring and control function, the configuration and installation of anti-islanders, etc.

In terms of metering and settlement, billing and settlement method, feed-in price, materials, data and procedures needed to obtain electricity price subsidy, etc.

29. How can I get the support of the property management in the community and the consent of the neighbors to install the photovoltaic power generation system by myself?

At present, the problem of property right is an important problem to solve, to provide other owners, property, residential committee agreed to prove, including the unit of all the neighbors of the book face to face signature and residential property, industry committee agreed to the proof, and stamped by the community residential committee.

30. If the power grid outages or other failures occur, can the distribution function normally?

Grid blackouts, distributed photovoltaic power generation systems usually run out, can't normal power, but in some extreme cases there may be an island phenomenon, namely power grid blackout after the distributed generation system with partial load to continue running, affect the maintenance staff personal safety, and exist meteorite bad home appliances and the possibility of power grid, so distributed system must have the island function.

31. Does the local power company have special personnel to accept applications for grid-connection of distributed photovoltaic systems? What is the contact hotline?

State grid corporation to provide customer service center for grid-connected distributed, 95598 channels, and other consulting service hotline online business hall, to the project owners to provide online transaction process, want to shut policy explanation, such as grid work progress query service, application of distributed photovoltaic (pv) grid can be handled by local power company customer service center consulting, also can contact national grid service hotline for consultation.

32. What is a turnkey project?

For engineering design, procurement, construction general contracting, finally handed over to run directly referred to as a turnkey project, similar to usually say the meaning of the general contractor, for the users of distributed photovoltaic power generation project reporting for the project according to the on-site investigation and determine the access plan, engineering design and equipment selection, construction and completion inspection and acceptance, the scene of parallel debugging, grid generation process, providing full services, receive directly with the whole project, immediately put into operation, called a turn-key project.

Project Management

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33. How to manage distributed photovoltaic power generation projects?

Distributed photovoltaic power administrative department under the State Council to be responsible for the planning, guidance, supervision and administration department in charge of local energy in the energy of the State Council departments responsible for the area under the guidance of distributed power generation project construction and supervision, entrust a national solar power technology to manage the unit to undertake technology, information and engineering quality control work.

34. Why do distributed photovoltaic power generation projects need to be recorded? Can construction begin on projects that do not require state subsidies?

Current distributed generation still need state subsidies, assume that every year 6 million kilowatts of distributed generation, annual output 7 billion degrees, at least if subsidies to 0.42 yuan per kilowatt-hour need billions of yuan, in order to optimize the distribution of subsidies, the record is a must, distributed generation projects by the municipal or county level a filing by the competent department of energy management, if the project does not need to state subsidies, can be directly after a filing management can start construction.

35. How to record distributed photovoltaic power generation project and what materials should be prepared?

When a project unit submits a fixed asset investment record form and an application form for distributed power generation project record to the prefecture-level or county-level energy administrative department, the following materials shall be included:

(1) The project scheme complying with the relevant regulations on the installation of photovoltaic power generation systems in buildings and other facilities

(2) Use certificate of project land or roof and other places

(3) Project grid-connection access opinions issued by prefecture-level or county-level power grid companies

(4) If contract energy management is adopted in the project, materials such as energy service management contract signed with power users shall be provided

(5) Other materials required by the local government in accordance with relevant regulations

36. Under what circumstances may record failure or invalidation occur?

Prefecture or county level department in charge of energy in the project for the record the acceptance of the completed for record within 10 working days from the date of audit and audit opinion to inform project units, when applying to project annual cumulative size beyond the region to guide, the local department in charge of energy release notice, stopped accepting project applications, term of validity of a distributed power generation project for the record if no special reason is not completed and put into operation, project filing void automatically.

37. Can I apply for changes to projects that have been recorded? How to change it?

In general, the projects that have been recorded cannot be changed at will. If the scheme must be changed due to special circumstances during the implementation of the project, the application for scheme change must be made in accordance with the original application procedure.

38. How to define the individual (home) installation of distributed photovoltaic power generation system?What are the preferential policies?

Power users, investment enterprises, professional contract energy service companies and individuals are encouraged to invest in the construction and operation of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects as project units.

Spontaneous for individual installation of distributed photovoltaic project in principle, more electricity to the Internet, power adjustment, we adopted for self-use photovoltaic power, automatic offset grid electricity, not to trade, to spare the Internet photovoltaic power grid companies to local desulfurization of coal price benchmarking buy-outs, individual as a single project construction of distributed photovoltaic facilities installed scale of project organizer in principle is not greater than 30 kw, the provinces have a visual is simplified by the competent department of energy project management.

Design and Installation

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39. What are the components of distributed grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system?

The distributed photovoltaic power generation system consists of photovoltaic modules, grid-connected photovoltaic inverters and bidirectional metering electricity meters.

40. How can I obtain local data on solar energy resources?

The first and most critical step in PV system design is to analyze the solar energy resources and related meteorological data of the project installation and use site. Meteorological data, such as local solar radiation, precipitation and wind speed, are key data to design the system.Weather data from any location around the world is currently available free of charge as part of NASA's weather database.

41. How to select the grid-connected voltage of distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system?

The grid-connected voltage of the distributed photovoltaic system is mainly determined by the installed capacity of the system, and the specific grid-connected voltage needs to be decided according to the approval of the access system of the power grid company. Generally, AC220V is used for household use and AC380V or 10KV can be used for commercial use.

42. What determines the installation inclination of photovoltaic arrays?

The installation inclination of photovoltaic array is generally determined by the latitude of the installation site. The following table gives the dimension values and installation inclination of major cities in China.

43. How to determine the installation orientation of PV arrays?What is the effect on power generation?

Since the main reason that affects the photovoltaic power generation is the amount of sunshine, the modules should be installed in the direction with the most sunlight. Different installation angles also have an impact on the power generation of photovoltaic modules.

44. How to select PV modules?

According to the actual circumstances of the installation site can choose different types of pv modules, decided to site the effective use of space for installation of the specifications of the component size, want to install a larger capacity per unit area can choose efficient components, according to the appearance of the existing buildings can also choose different frame components, according to the scene of the series parallel connection mode fixed components of joint length, the choice of the components should be considered with installation area, capacity, cost and other factors, letter in general should choose good is good, good quality and have certification, good quality after-sales service, has the fire certification component products.

45. How to choose inverter?

Generally, according to the requirements of the system, the corresponding power section of the inverter is configured. The power of the selected inverter should match the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell array. Generally, the rated output power of the photovoltaic inverter is about the same as the total input power, which can save costs.

46. How to consider the color, transmittance, size and shape of photovoltaic modules for distributed photovoltaic power generation projects integrated with buildings?

In terms of color, we can try our best to choose the color similar to that of the building. For light transmission, we should consider making full use of the space and area of the building, rationally choosing the size and shape, doing a good job of balance and optimization, and professional technical design.

47. Should wind speed be taken into account in the design and installation of photovoltaic arrays?How should building load and wind resistance requirements be considered when installing distributed PV?

Photovoltaic array installed on the roof of a building, it is necessary to consider the load of the building roof, at the same time considering the airflow in the turbulent flow and speed after the building changes impact on the safety of the pv array, only give full consideration to the local wind conditions, landforms, terrain, and plan to install a photovoltaic array of the relative position of the buildings in the surrounding environment, to ensure the safety of the pv array and the surrounding life and property.

48. How to determine the installation capacity of a household PV system?

The size of installed capacity of household photovoltaic power generation system depends on the load of electrical equipment, roof style and roof area, and in combination with the approval opinions of the power grid company, the optimal installation capacity is determined. Under normal circumstances, the installation amount of flat roof is about 70 watts \ per square meter.

49. How to estimate the power generation of distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system?

To estimate the generation capacity of a photovoltaic system, it is necessary to know the effective sunshine time, system efficiency and system installation capacity of the place where the system is installed. You can also consult with the installation of photovoltaic systems to get more accurate power generation.

50. After the distributed photovoltaic power generation system is connected to the grid, how to tell the current electricity used in your home comes from the grid or your own solar cell module?

After the installation of the distributed generation system, the grid company will carry out grid-connected inspection and acceptance. After passing the inspection, two meters (or two-way meters) will be installed in the owner's home. The two meters will independently measure the power generation of the photovoltaic system and the electricity consumption of the municipal electricity.

51. Will the photovoltaic power generation system work if it is continuously rainy or foggy after installation? Will there be a power shortage or blackout?

Photovoltaic cell components under certain weak light also can generate electricity, but due to the continuous rain fog or haze weather, the sun radiation intensity of illumination is low, the working voltage of photovoltaic system if not up to the start voltage of the inverter, the system will not work, grid generation system and the distribution network is parallel operation, when the pv system cannot meet the demand of load without work, the grid electricity will be automatically added to come over, there is no lack of electricity and power outages.

52. Is there a power shortage in winter when it's cold?

Photovoltaic generating system is affected, a direct impact on power factor is the irradiation intensity and sunshine duration and the working temperature of solar cell components, unavoidably irradiation intensity is weak in winter, the city will be short, generally capacity is relatively less in summer, it is also very normal phenomenon, distributed photovoltaic power generation and power grid and grid connected, as long as there is electricity grid family electric power shortage and the load will not happen.

53. Will distributed photovoltaic access affect power quality?

Power quality refers to the quality of electric energy in the power system. The main AC/DC conversion component of the system is the inverter. The inverter will not be put into use until it passes the test of the power quality tester, so it will not affect the power quality.

54. Can the electricity generated by the day distributed photovoltaic system be stored for use as night lighting?

Can be distributed generation system, by the electricity stored during the day as night lighting, it need to add the controller and batteries and other electrical components, photovoltaic power of daytime controller will stored in the storage battery, controller will release the stored power battery at night for the use of lighting, in the case of the energy storage equipment, if the power grid system will stop working, but if change the grid inverter to intelligent network micro inverter (mixed grid and off-grid inverter), the system can still run properly.


55. Is there any need for additional wiring to install a PV system on an existing building?How to connect to an existing electrical system in your home?

The circuit of the photovoltaic system is divided into DC part and AC part. The two parts of the circuit need to be wired separately. The AC part needs to be connected with the power grid, and the dot is located at the user side of the electricity meter, and finally it is connected with the existing electrical system in the user's home.

56. Where are the monitoring devices of distributed grid-connected photovoltaic systems located? Will they occupy valuable indoor space?

The monitoring devices of distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system are divided into large photovoltaic power station monitoring, off-grid photovoltaic roof system monitoring and household roof photovoltaic system monitoring. Photovoltaic monitoring system can be installed outside, do not take up interior space, it in a variety of hardware products and related accessories for photovoltaic system can be implemented in each link of data acquisition, data transmission to the remote service platform for related data storage and analysis, finally to graph report forms to the user feedback system operation.

57. What information should the design engineer provide when designing the system according to the requirements of the customer?

System design to the customer required to provide the data is divided into strong options and option parts, will be options section includes project installation locations, year of building environment, building construction, roof type, load, access to the voltage level and roof photos, optional part includes the average monthly electricity consumption, roof plate structure, CAD drawings, roof surface situation, pictures of the meter box, etc., of course optional part to fill out the more detailed, the more reasonable to optimize design, better improve the capacity.

58. After the system is built, which party will accept the system?What should be paid attention to during acceptance?

The acceptance is mainly organized and carried out by power grid enterprises, focusing on grid-connected electrical performance, construction quality of the project, component certification, inverter certification and technical parameters, lightning grounding, fire safety, component fire certification, etc.

59. How does the installation process work?

The installation process of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system is: the construction of the foundation, the installation of the bracket, the installation of the components, the installation of the bus box, the inverter, the distribution cabinet and other electrical equipment, the installation of the connection line, the installation of the grid access system and the installation of the metering device.

60. What electrical safety requirements do you need to pay attention to during installation?Can leakage produce dangerous eyelid to person?

As long as there is sunshine, photovoltaic modules will have electricity, so can't cut off power supply when it's sunny, and accumulation, and because the combination of voltage corresponding to the voltage can be higher, so the installation process should strictly abide by the system provider of installation instructions, performed by professional installation personnel, equipment should be used in the connection part of the professional fittings for installation, protection grade reaches IP65, electrical equipment also has the air switch,

61. How to meet the requirements of building heat insulation and sound insulation when distributed photovoltaic is combined with buildings? Whether can affect indoor daylighting?

1. Different glass materials and structures are used to control heat insulation and sound insulation. The indoor noise of distributed system equipment is determined by the agreement between the user and the manufacturer to meet the needs of the majority of users.

2. Different batteries and arrangement methods are used to adjust the light transmittance. Daylighting areas will be set aside when distributed and combined with buildings, which will not affect indoor daylighting.

62. How does the photovoltaic power generation combined with the building protect against lightning?

Lightning is mainly divided into two kinds of hazards, direct lightning and indirect lightning.

Direct lightning protection: in tall buildings to set up metal lightning protection wire into the ground, can be a huge thunderstorm cloud charge release.

Protection of inductive lightning;Lightning protection device is added in the photovoltaic system, that is, lightning protection module is installed in the confluence box, inverter and other electrical equipment to protect the indirect lightning strike.

63. What is a two-way meter?Why two-way meters?

Two-way measuring watt-hour meter is able to measure electricity watt-hour meter and power generation, power and electricity are direction, from the perspective of electricity, power consumption is counted as power or directly power, power is negative or negative electricity power, the instrument can be read forward power and reverse capacity respectively and will power data stored.

Two-way meters installed photovoltaic reason is due to the electricity in existence can't all be user consumption, while the rest of the electricity needed to power grid, electric meter need to measure a number, cannot satisfy the user requirements in photovoltaic power generation, it need to measure the other Numbers, ordinary single block table cannot meet the requirements, so you need to use smart meters with two-way electric meter measuring functions.

Operation and Maintenance

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64. What are the common failures of distributed photovoltaic systems?What are the typical problems that can occur with system components?

Because the voltage does not reach the starting set value, the inverter can not work, can not start, because of the components or inverter causes low power generation, the system components may appear typical problems including junction box burning, component local burning.

65. How to deal with common failures of distributed photovoltaic systems?

When the system has problems during the warranty period, you can first call the installer or operator to explain the system problems. The installer or operator maintenance committee will answer the problems according to the user's description. If the problem cannot be solved, special personnel will be sent to the site for maintenance.

66. What is the life span of a distributed photovoltaic system?

The design life of photovoltaic power generation system without battery is generally 20-25 years.

67. How to reduce the maintenance cost of photovoltaic power generation system?

It is suggested that the selected system components and materials have good reputation and good after-sales service in the market, and qualified products can reduce the incidence of failure. Users should strictly abide by the operating manual of the system products, and carry out regular testing and cleaning maintenance of the system.

68. How to handle the post-maintenance of the system and how often to maintain it?How to maintain?

According to the product suppliers to periodically check the instructions for the use of maintenance, system maintenance work is largely wipe components, and the larger areas generally do not need artificial water to wipe, clean the rain season about 1 months time, heavy larger area can increase the number of clean, snow area and remove the thick snow, avoid affecting the capacity and snow melt after the uneven, clear in time the shade trees or clutter.

69. When cleaning photovoltaic modules, do I just wash them with water and simply wipe them? Can you have the danger of electric shock when wiping with water?

Wipe components in order to avoid in high temperature and strong sunlight on personal electric shock damage and possible damage to the component, suggest that in the morning or late afternoon cleaning component, advice when clean glass surface photovoltaic components with a soft brush, gentle clean water, clean is used when the smaller efforts, in order to avoid damage to the glass surface, with coated glass components should pay attention to avoid damage to the glass layer.

70. How to properly utilize downtime for maintenance?

Maintain the system in the morning or evening when the light is weak and the system is not in operation. Take protective measures before maintenance, including insulating gloves and insulating tools.

71. How to find out whether a PV module in a PV array has a fault array?

When users found at the same time system capacity decreases or the same as the adjacent to install power system, compared the system there may be exceptions, the user can through the monitoring data of abnormal fluctuations in the junction box to find whether a component failure in the pv array, and then contact professionals with pliers type table, thermal imager and other specialized equipment to diagnose system, ultimately determine the problem of component in the system.

72. Will shadows, leaves or even bird droppings on the PV modules affect the power generation system?

Photovoltaic modules on building shadow, the leaves, and even guano shelter on power systems may be relatively large, the influence of each component of the solar cell used electrical characteristics, otherwise will be in bad performance or obscured batteries have a so-called hot spots effect, obscured in a tandem solar cell components will be as other light load consumption of energy generated by the solar cell components, obscured the sun battery components at this time will be fever, this is the phenomenon of thermal effect, the phenomenon of serious cases can damage solar components, in order to avoid a series branch of hot spot need to add the bypass diode on the photovoltaic modules, In order to prevent hot spots in the series circuit, DC insurance should be installed on each PV group string. Even if there is no hot spot effect and solar cell shielding, the power generation will be affected.

73. In order to prevent photovoltaic modules from being hit by heavy objects, is it possible to install wire protection nets on photovoltaic arrays?

The installation of wire mesh is not recommended as the addition of wire mesh along the PV array may cause local shading of the modules and form a hot spot effect, which affects the power generation efficiency of the entire PV plant. In addition, as qualified photovoltaic modules have passed the puck impact test, the impact in general will not affect the performance of the modules.

74. Under the hot sun, is it necessary to replace the damaged fragile components immediately?

It can not be replaced immediately. If the replacement is recommended in the morning or late afternoon, the operation and maintenance personnel of the power station should be contacted in time for the replacement by professional personnel.

75. Do I need to disconnect the photovoltaic system in thunderstorm weather?

Distributed photovoltaic power generation systems are equipped with lightning protection, so there is no need to disconnect.In order to ensure safety, it is recommended to disconnect the circuit breaker switch of the junction box and cut off the circuit connection with the photovoltaic module to avoid the direct lightning damage which can not be removed by the lightning protection module. Operation and maintenance personnel should timely detect the performance of the lightning protection module to avoid the damage caused by the failure of the lightning protection module.

76. Do I need to clean up the PV system after snow?How to deal with photovoltaic modules after snow melting and freezing in winter? Can I step on a component and clean it up?

Snow back if there is a heavy snow accumulation on the component is need to clean, can use soft items will be pushed down snow, be careful not to cut glass, the component has a certain bearing, but cannot be trample on the component cleaning, will cause the component concealed damage, affecting the service life of components, the general advice don't wait to be too thick snow in cleaning, in order to avoid excessive ice components.

77. Can distributed photovoltaic power generation systems resist hail?

Qualified modules in grid-connected PV systems must pass the maximum frontal static load (wind load, snow load) of 5400P

A. The maximum static load of 2400Pa on the back side and the hail with A diameter of 25MM impact at A speed of 23M/S are strictly tested, so it will not bring harm to the photovoltaic power generation system.

78. How to deal with the temperature rise and ventilation of solar cells?

The output power of photovoltaic cells will decrease with the rise of temperature. Ventilation and heat dissipation can improve the efficiency of power generation. The most commonly used method is natural wind ventilation.

79. Do photovoltaic power generation systems pose electromagnetic emission hazards to users?

Photovoltaic power generation system is based on the principle of photovoltaic effect generated by light to convert solar energy into electricity, no pollution, no radiation, inverter, distribution cabinet and other electronic devices have passed the EMC(electromagnetic compatibility) test, so there is no harm to human body.

80. Are photovoltaic systems noise hazards?

Photovoltaic power generation system is to convert solar energy into electricity, will not produce noise effect, inverter noise index is not higher than 65 decibels, there is no noise hazard.

81. What should be paid attention to in the fire prevention and fire protection of household distributed photovoltaic power generation system?

Ban stacked near flammable and explosive items, distributed generation system in the event of casualties and property losses caused by the fire immeasurably, in addition to basic fire safety measures, also special remind a photovoltaic system has the function of self testing, and fire prevention, reduce the possibility of a fire, in addition also need every 40 m longest must reserve of fire prevention and maintenance access, and must have a convenient operation of dc system of emergency cut-off switch.

82. When the grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system fails, who should the user report to for repair? Is there a unified national service telephone number?

If the photovoltaic system fails, it should feedback the problem to the installer in the first time, and the installer will make the fault treatment in the shortest time. It is recommended to choose the installer with big brand and good reputation.

Quality Control Section

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83. Why should quality control of distributed photovoltaic power generation system be paid attention to?

First distributed photovoltaic power generation system is combined with a building more, if the system quality problems may cause damage to internal power system equipment, not only may even harm the sub-station and surrounding buildings personnel security, secondly distributed photovoltaic power generation systems for personal use, if the system quality problems may cause damage to electrical equipment. The redistributed power generation system obtains economic benefits by generating capacity. If quality problems exist, the generation capacity and life of the whole system will be affected, and then the income of the whole system will be affected.

84. Does passing of each component mean that the system integration does not need to be tested?

Although the photovoltaic power generation system is composed of various components, the qualified components do not mean that the system integration is qualified. The overall design and configuration of the system, safety and operation performance need to be tested and verified.

85. How to select qualified system accessories and how long is the warranty time?

It is recommended to choose the system accessories products that have passed the national approval and certification bodies. The specifications, models and technical parameters of the system accessories products should conform to the design requirements of the whole system. Generally speaking, the components are required to be guaranteed for five years, and the inverter is required to be guaranteed for at least two years.

86. What product certification is required to obtain national subsidies?

In the grid access acceptance link to ensure that the completed photovoltaic power generation system meets the corresponding safety standards and quality requirements to pass the acceptance, photovoltaic power generation system in the main equipment including components, bus boxes, inverters, etc., are required to have the corresponding domestic certification.

87. How to judge the quality of distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system?

The quality of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system can only be determined by the comprehensive testing of the components and the system. The testing content includes the testing of each component and the safety and performance of the system.

88. What maintenance procedures will the supplier take after quality problems arise in the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system and how long will it take?

Distributed photovoltaic (pv) grid system quality problems after the scene to maintenance personnel need to determine problem, feedback to the supplier, the supplier will usually sent engineers to the scene to confirm the quality problem and solution, if caused by the quality problem of the key equipment, supply chamber of commerce contact equipment manufacturers, equipment manufacturers and division generally within a week will be handled to the scene for repair.

89. How do owners generally judge the merits of their PV system?How to solve the suspected system quality problem?

Owner can preliminary judgment from the following aspects, first of all on the system appearance inspection, such as components, such as array, junction box, if found that the problem can take corresponding measures to solve, check whether power station construction contractors used system components of quality certification, in addition to field test the security of the system, such as ground wire continuity, insulation, whether with lightning protection devices, etc., also need testing system of electrical efficiency, if found the problem, should let the power station construction unit to solve in time.

90. How to judge whether the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system works stably, whether the power quality meets the requirements, and whether the system failure will cause damage to household appliances?

Generally distributed photovoltaic (pv) grid system which has the function of data monitoring, can through the analysis of the monitoring data to determine whether a system is stable operation, such as conditional can also use the power quality analysis meeting in power station and network power quality testing, look to whether accord with national standard, general photovoltaic system failure cases will have protection device to cut off the power supply, so as not to cause damage to the household electrical appliances.

91. Is the monitoring data of the power generation of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system the same as the measurement data of the electricity meter? How big is the error?

Capacity of distributed photovoltaic (pv) grid system monitoring data and electric meter measurement data is not necessarily the same, and such as are in the same network using with electricity metering equipment, also completely with precision, so the data should be the same, but the use of photovoltaic (pv) grid system monitoring equipment is often used in the construction unit itself, and electric meter measuring equipment is equipment of the power sector, so data from devices may also have some gaps, how many error according to the specific circumstances, and electricity and the cost of subsidies and settlement is based on electric power department to install the measuring equipment.

92. How to monitor the online power when connected to the Internet?

Mainly through the current grid photovoltaic power generation system and network installation approved by the local electric power department of electric power meter to monitor, in addition local power debugging center usually can through the remote communication to monitor all Internet power grid photovoltaic system, the owner also can simplify construction of information system, by monitoring and optimization of power on the Internet.

93. Can the generation of the system be monitored online?

The power grid enterprises cooperate with the energy authorities at the corresponding level and carry out the measurement, information monitoring and statistics of distributed power generation within the coverage of the power grid. If the user's photovoltaic system is installed with a corresponding monitoring system, online monitoring of power generation can be realized. In addition, the monitoring system can also realize online monitoring of key equipment parameters, power quality, environmental parameters, etc.

94. What are the currently licensed testing and quality certification bodies for photovoltaic systems and products in China?

The main certification bodies are: Beijing Jianheng Certification Center and China Quality Certification Center.

The main testing institutions are: Chinese Academy of Sciences Solar Photovoltaic System and Wind Power System Quality Testing Center, National Solar Photovoltaic Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, China Electronics Science and Technology Corporation 18th Research Institute, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation 811th Research Institute, Shenzhen Electronic Products Quality Testing Center, Yang

State photoelectric product testing center, etc.

Cost-effectiveness and business models

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95. How to estimate the investment of household distributed photovoltaic system?How long does it take to recoup the cost?

Investment install home distributed photovoltaic systems depends on the installed capacity and investment are two main conditions, photovoltaic power generation system of the hardware (including pv modules, grid inverter, wire rod, mounting bracket, meter, monitoring equipment, etc.) will cost as the market supply and demand fluctuations and photovoltaic industry technology progress and efficiency improvement and change, and is related to the installation size, general is calculated according to the system of single tile price, in addition to hardware purchase plus system construction, system installation, mode and parallel process of a small fee, the installed capacity, the greater the Some of the underlying charges in the cost structure will be diluted, resulting in a reduction in the cost per unit investment.

Depending on lighting conditions, user-side electricity prices, subsidies and system costs, the cost can be recovered in 6-10 years, and the remaining 15 years of electricity generated will become profits. Togrenner's investment evaluation small software, can roughly calculate a number for reference.

96. How to estimate the operation and maintenance cost of distributed photovoltaic power generation system?

Of distributed photovoltaic system running and maintenance is mainly on the system of mechanical installation, electrical connection in the daily inspection, cleaning of photovoltaic modules on the replacement of some failure parts such as simple operation, the cost is relatively low, for under 10 kw system maintenance cost is almost negligible, but MW level power plant should be budget by 1% - 3% maintenance cost into the system total investment, every time the cost of cleaning per square metre in 0.5 to 0.8 yuan, mainly depends on the local labor costs and operational service personnel.

97. How to estimate the cost per kilowatt hour of distributed photovoltaic system?

Power generation cost and the installation location of artificial cost, resources of sunshine, installation, system investment, local electricity price, useful life, financial cost and so on has the close relation, so KWH cost is definitely not a accurate data, considering these factors, the assumption of distributed photovoltaic life of 20 years, according to different regional resources and technology condition, the degree of distributed photovoltaic electricity cost roughly the range of about 0.7 to 1.4 yuan/KWH.

98. How to calculate the subsidy benefits of distributed photovoltaic power generation owners?

Subsidies income is divided into three parts, part of state subsidies, spontaneous self-used offset is a part of the cost of electricity, remaining power to get to the Internet is a part of the desulfurization of coal purchase prices, which all power for full use of the benefits of subsidies for (local electricity price + distributed generation state subsidies) * all electricity, part of the power of spontaneous self-use, part of the surplus electricity subsidy revenue online (the proportion of spontaneous self-used * local electricity price + + distributed generation subsidies proportion * desulfurization of coal purchase price) * all electricity generated.

99. What are the factors that affect investment returns?

The main reasons that affect the system investment return include power generation design (lighting resources, system conversion efficiency, system maintenance level), initial investment of the system, financial cost, subsidy policy, quality and reliability of the power station and after-sale service. Specifically, how to choose the construction site of the power station, how to choose the power generation technology and suppliers, how to do a good investment income analysis in advance, how to choose the photovoltaic system providers with scale and brand and quality assurance services, how to do a good job in power generation optimization, etc.

What are the construction and business models of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems?

Distributed photovoltaic projects relying on the buildings and facilities should have legitimacy, if the owner has the project units and the project depends on the way of the ownership of the buildings can be used in a self-built, funded by the owners, the owners reap the benefits, if the project units and the building of the project is based on non-uniform and facilities all main body, the project units and buildings and facilities of all the use of buildings and facilities or rental agreement, the funding methods and power users signed contract energy management service agreement.

101. What is contracted energy management?

Contract energy management is a new kind of market-oriented energy-saving mechanism, its essence is to reduce energy costs to pay of the total cost of the project of business mode, this way of saving energy and reducing consumption investment allows customers to use in the future energy saving benefits and equipment upgrades for the factory, in order to reduce running cost, energy-saving benefit or corporate commitment to energy saving project or contract the overall energy costs to provide energy saving services.

102. What are the benefits of installing PV systems for industrial and commercial users?

The advantages of industrial and commercial users installing photovoltaic power generation system are: industrial and commercial power consumption is large, the price is high, the proportion of spontaneous use is large, the recovery period is short, and the yield rate is high. In addition, the photovoltaic system has the social benefits of energy saving and emission reduction, which can help industrial users complete the energy saving and emission reduction targets, at the same time, it can reduce the electricity cost of enterprises and improve the competitiveness of enterprises.

103. Can the user apply for bank loan for the construction of distributed photovoltaic power generation system for lack of funds? What does the borrower need to have?

In addition to the project capital and funding, can apply for bank loans to solve, part of Banks and other financial institutions have recently begun to distributed users provide loans and other financial services, such as the national development bank has combined the National Energy Administration formulate "about support distributed generation's opinions on financial services, has been clear about the national development bank for distributed photovoltaic to, such as the form and conditions of the credit support policy, generally in good condition, no significant adverse credit record of enterprise legal person and has full civil liability of natural person can apply for a bank loan.

104. What is the maximum amount of bank loan I can apply for?How long is the term? What's the interest rate?What are the repayment methods?

Reference to China's regulations on investment project capital system, the user should raise at least 20% of the total project investment capital, corresponding to apply for bank loans of up to 80%, with reference to power projects medium and long-term loans, according to the lender and actual project, distributed photovoltaic power generation project loan time limit, generally up to 15 years, at present our country gradually realize the marketization of interest rate, on the basis of the people's bank benchmark interest rates, Banks can according to oneself circumstance with flexible pricing, reimbursement means can generally be practice or equal principal repayment of principal and interest waiting for the forehead.

105. What are the main payment modes for distributed photovoltaic power generation projects?

Classified according to whether the user directly to the bank to apply for a loan, loan mode can be divided into direct loans, to borrow, and system model, also meet the requirements of the bank directly to apply for a loan qualification of the distributed generation investment subject may directly apply for bank loans to support, the other to do not conform to the companies and natural persons directly apply for loans, generally adopts the model of system borrow system also supports, such as the national development bank plans to establish a loan qualification and the ability of commitment shall borrow platform, by the national development bank provide credit to borrow system platform, the platform to season's loan (by commercial Banks), and other ways to provide loans to support, Users can apply for loans from local banks or flat lending platforms according to their own circumstances.

106. What documents do I need to prepare to apply for a bank loan?What are the conditions for loan issuance?

Apply for bank loans to borrowers tend to need to prepare material, natural person identity certificates, certificate of personal assets or business license, the company's articles of association, nearly three years, project finance audit report for the record, grid access approval, land, or lease agreement, roof power purchase agreement, energy management contract and other relevant documents, generally loans should be done before project for the record and the power purchase agreement, energy management contract and other relevant agreements.







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