信息摘要:
近年來,隨著國家鼓勵開發(fā)利用可再生能源和市場推動,工商業(yè)光伏發(fā)電利用得到了快速和廣泛的發(fā)展。2023年,國家密集政策補貼,給予工商業(yè)分布式光…
國家政策頻出,為工商業(yè)分布式光伏的發(fā)展注入一針強心劑,此外,各地陸續(xù)出臺相關政策,使得工商業(yè)電價持續(xù)攀升,也加速了工商業(yè)分布式市場的升溫。這些都預示著,2023年的工商業(yè)光伏將迎來黃金時代。
刷新紀錄!新增裝機達25.86GW 工商業(yè)分布式光伏多點開花
中國光伏行業(yè)協(xié)會數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2022年,我國光伏新增裝機87.41吉瓦,同比增長59.3%。其中,分布式光伏新增裝機51.1吉瓦,同比增長74.5%。工商業(yè)光伏新增裝機達25.86吉瓦,同比增長236.7%,
刷新了工商業(yè)分布式年度新增裝機記錄,形成了與集中式光伏、戶用光伏三足鼎立的市場格局
根據(jù)國家能源局數(shù)據(jù),2022年分布式新增裝機容量排名前三的省份分別是河南省(7.75GW)、山東省(7.51GW)、浙江?。?.61GW)。其中,工商業(yè)分布式新增裝機容量排名前三的省份分別是浙江(6.496GW)、江蘇(4.289GW)、山東(3.249GW)。
值得注意的是,江蘇在分布式光伏補貼地區(qū)數(shù)量和補貼力度在全國排行第二。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,截至2022年年底,江蘇共有13地發(fā)布分布式補貼相關政策,補助(按發(fā)電量)0.1-0.4元/千瓦時不等,補助年限1-3年不等。
據(jù)彭博新能源財經(jīng)的報告顯示,目前中國工商業(yè)屋頂光伏市場規(guī)模早已超過200GW,且隨著城市化的不斷推進,這一數(shù)字極有可能在2040年達到300GW。這意味著,工商業(yè)分布式光伏的發(fā)展,正成為我國實現(xiàn)雙碳目標不可或缺的環(huán)節(jié)。
在政策力推之下,中國工商業(yè)屋頂光伏項目推進也快馬加鞭,多點開花??梢哉f,工商業(yè)分布式光伏蓬勃的市場生命力,在經(jīng)歷2022年后,已經(jīng)得到了整個行業(yè)的認可,究其原因,一方面離不開國家政策的大力扶持,另一方面得益于其明顯的收益。
工商業(yè)屋頂光伏電站,主要是運用在工業(yè)園廠房、科技園屋頂,學校、醫(yī)院、酒店等,其采用分布式并網(wǎng)方式,涵蓋自發(fā)自用,余電上網(wǎng)或全額上網(wǎng)三種模式,不僅可以大大提高就地消納能力,減緩電網(wǎng)供電壓力,還可以抵消安裝業(yè)主的電網(wǎng)購買電量,節(jié)省電費,備受投資者的青睞。
從投資角度來看,在國家扶持以及電站持續(xù)運行25年的前提下,一座工商業(yè)分布式光伏電站一般在5-7年內(nèi)就可以回本,其將成為未來最主流的投資方式。
據(jù)證券公司分析,國內(nèi)絕大部分地區(qū)的工商業(yè)光伏電站已具備投資價值,87%省市中工商業(yè)光伏電站的 內(nèi)部收益率不低于6%,其中的北京、河北、蒙東、遼寧、吉林、黑龍江、山東、湖北等地區(qū)內(nèi)部收益率大于10%。此外,有機構預測工商業(yè)光伏滲透率有望從2022年的8.2%升至2030年的25.7%。
據(jù)悉,工商業(yè)光伏電站有三大投資盈利模式:
一、企業(yè)自投商業(yè)模式。 靈活選擇合適的投資計劃:1、收益最大化全資模式。2、投資少、收益穩(wěn)定的融資模式。享受清潔能源的同時,電站亦成為企業(yè)優(yōu)質(zhì)資產(chǎn)。
二、部分投入——合作投資。 通過融資租賃方式與企業(yè)共同建設電站,共享電站的發(fā)電收益,后期再通過電站股權轉(zhuǎn)讓等形式退出初始投資。幫助企業(yè)分擔前期電站投資成本,使其盡早享受綠色能源帶來的多重價值。
三、零投入——低價用電。 由符合條件的投資方與企業(yè)簽訂光伏建設項目運營、分享效益等內(nèi)容的能源合同,投資方獲得發(fā)電收益。而企業(yè)可享用低價用電,提高企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益。
同時,工商業(yè)屋頂安裝光伏發(fā)電還具備四大優(yōu)勢:
一、盤活固定資產(chǎn),增加企業(yè)收益
一般的工商業(yè)屋頂少則幾千平,多則上萬平,閑置的大面積屋頂是企業(yè)的第二道綠色生產(chǎn)線。如果在這些屋頂上都被第三方投資,安裝上光伏電站,企業(yè)自發(fā)自用,不必出任何費用,即可享受15%左右的用能降本。
二、節(jié)省峰值電費,余電上網(wǎng)銷售
企業(yè)用電量大,峰值電費高,安裝光伏發(fā)電后,企業(yè)可以自發(fā)自用,余電上網(wǎng)。不僅解決了企業(yè)自身的用電問題,額外的發(fā)電量還可以為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造新的經(jīng)濟利益。
三、促進節(jié)能減排,產(chǎn)生良好的社會效益
工商業(yè)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)可以降低企業(yè)的能耗,完成政府規(guī)定的節(jié)能減排指標。加上不受資源分布地域的限制,擁有建筑屋面安全可靠,無噪聲,無污染的優(yōu)勢,這使得許多事業(yè)單位、中大型企業(yè)開始了建設光伏發(fā)電的步伐。
四、降低工廠內(nèi)部溫度,增加環(huán)境舒適性
光伏板具有隔熱保溫的功效,在屋頂上大面積鋪設光伏組件以后,能有效降低廠房溫度,在炎熱的夏天創(chuàng)造更加舒適的工作環(huán)境,在寒冷的冬天保持合適的室內(nèi)溫度,也間接節(jié)省了企業(yè)的空調(diào)費用。
那么,申請建設工商業(yè)分布式光伏,需要提供哪些資料?工商業(yè)(屋頂)分布式光伏項目建設流程有哪些?投資屋頂光伏需要注意哪些事項?國際能源網(wǎng)/光伏頭條(PV-2005)在這里做了簡要梳理,供諸位參考。
在當?shù)毓╇姞I業(yè)廳,提交并網(wǎng)申請和所需材料。
受理并網(wǎng)申請后,當?shù)毓╇姽緯c申請企業(yè)預約勘查現(xiàn)場時間。自受理并網(wǎng)申請之日起2個工作日內(nèi)完成。
當?shù)毓╇姽疽罁?jù)國家、行業(yè)及地方相關技術標準,結(jié)合項目現(xiàn)場條件,免費制定接入系統(tǒng)方案,并通過書面形式答復申請企業(yè)。自受理并網(wǎng)申請之日起20個工作日(多點并網(wǎng)的30個工作日)內(nèi)完成。
四、企業(yè)用戶提交接入系統(tǒng)設計文件
380(220)伏多點并網(wǎng)或10千伏并網(wǎng)的項目,企業(yè)用戶在正式開始接入系統(tǒng)工程建設前,需要自行委托有相應設計資質(zhì)的單位進行接入系統(tǒng)工程設計,并將設計材料提交當?shù)毓╇姽緦彶椤?
當?shù)毓╇姽疽罁?jù)國家、行業(yè)、地方、企業(yè)標準,對企業(yè)用戶的接入系統(tǒng)設計文件進行審查,出具、答復審查意見。根據(jù)審查意見開展接入系統(tǒng)工程建設等后續(xù)工作。若審查不通過供電公司提出修改意見。若需要變更設計,應將變更后的設計文件再次送審,通過后方可實施。自收到設計文件之日起5個工作日內(nèi)完成。
企業(yè)用戶根據(jù)接入方案答復意見和設計審查意見,自主選擇具備相應資質(zhì)的施工單位實施分布式光伏發(fā)電本體工程及接入系統(tǒng)工程。工程應滿足國家、行業(yè)及地方相關施工技術及安全標準。
七、提交并網(wǎng)驗收及調(diào)試申請
光伏發(fā)電本體工程及接入系統(tǒng)工程完工后,企業(yè)用戶可向當?shù)毓╇姽咎峤徊⒕W(wǎng)驗收及調(diào)試申請,遞交驗收調(diào)試所需要資料。
八、電網(wǎng)公司受理并網(wǎng)驗收和調(diào)試申請,并與電網(wǎng)簽訂購售電合同和并網(wǎng)調(diào)度協(xié)議
在正式并網(wǎng)前,當?shù)毓╇姽就瓿上嚓P計量裝置的安裝,并與客戶按照平等自愿的原則簽定《發(fā)用合同》其中10千伏并網(wǎng)還需要簽證《電網(wǎng)調(diào)度協(xié)議》,約定發(fā)電用電相關方的權利和義務。自受理并網(wǎng)驗收及調(diào)試申請之日起5個工作日內(nèi)完成。
九、供電公司完成并網(wǎng)驗收調(diào)試
當?shù)毓╇姽景才殴ぷ魅藛T上門為客戶免費進行并網(wǎng)驗收調(diào)試,出具《并網(wǎng)驗收意見書》,對于并網(wǎng)驗收合格的,調(diào)試后直接并網(wǎng)運行,對于并網(wǎng)驗收不合格的,當?shù)毓╇姽緦⑻岢稣姆桨?,直至并網(wǎng)驗收通過。自表計安裝完畢及合同、協(xié)議簽署完畢之日起10個工作日內(nèi)完成。
分布式屋頂光伏勘察屬于項目的前期工作,通過實地勘察,搜集屋頂相關資料,為后續(xù)方案設計和投資收益分析做準備。實際的屋頂結(jié)構形式多樣,業(yè)主對屋頂光伏的可行性、裝機容量、投資收益、合作模式等問題也十分關注。
分布式光伏選址應優(yōu)先選擇太陽輻照量大、陰雨天氣少、污染程度小的地區(qū)。若企業(yè)靠近海邊,需考慮防鹽霧防腐蝕、抗臺風措施;企業(yè)所在地區(qū)沙塵大則需考慮防風沙和增加清洗的措施;若在寒冷地區(qū)則需要考慮防凍和除雪措施。
各地為了推動分布式光伏發(fā)展,紛紛出臺省級、市級甚至縣級的扶持政策。項目開發(fā)人員在項目開發(fā)前期需提前需熟悉這些政策,作為目前還需政府補貼發(fā)展的光伏產(chǎn)業(yè),補貼政策的好壞直接影響了分布式的收益,因此當?shù)卣吆玫姆植际巾椖恳藘?yōu)先開發(fā)。
以浙江為例,2月27日,浙江省臺州市黃巖區(qū)發(fā)文明確,對工商業(yè)屋頂建設并網(wǎng)的光伏發(fā)電項目,實行發(fā)電量補助,按照實際發(fā)電量最高給予0.1元/千瓦時的電價補助。
4、企業(yè)實力及所經(jīng)營行業(yè)
光伏電站的壽命超過20年,在分布式電站開發(fā)時要考業(yè)主的存續(xù),宜優(yōu)先選擇企業(yè)實力強、行業(yè)前景好、企業(yè)經(jīng)營規(guī)范、財務正規(guī)的業(yè)主合作。
企業(yè)性質(zhì)以國企、上市企業(yè)和外企為好,這些企業(yè)信用度高,在后期電費收繳、結(jié)算時一般均不存在問題。
業(yè)主企業(yè)的經(jīng)營行業(yè)對建設分布式光伏電站也有影響,若企業(yè)生產(chǎn)易燃易爆危險品、排放腐蝕性的氣體、排放大量煙塵等,都不適宜建設分布式光伏電站。
電價高,用電量大的工業(yè)、商業(yè)屋頂屬于最好屋頂?shù)馁Y源,如大型的工業(yè)企業(yè)、商場等;其次是用電量不大、電價也不高的業(yè)主單位,如學校和醫(yī)院屋頂、市政樓堂館所、物流中心屋頂?shù)取?/section>
建筑產(chǎn)權歸屬、設計使用壽命、材質(zhì)、面積和朝向等也直接影響了分布式光伏電站是否可行及安裝量。
建筑產(chǎn)權歸企業(yè)業(yè)主或當?shù)卣?,則適宜開發(fā);租賃的廠房不適宜。 同時工業(yè)廠房屋頂一般是
彩鋼板 , 在項目開發(fā)時需了解屋頂能使用的年限,年限太短不適宜進行開發(fā)。
單個企業(yè)屋頂面積或屋頂總面積最好不少于10000平方米的屋頂(約可安裝1MW)。同時踏勘時需量出屋頂 方位角、屋頂傾斜角度和周圍遮擋物如女兒墻的高度,以便后期確定系統(tǒng)裝機量和發(fā)電量。
屋面荷載分為恒荷載和可變荷載。恒荷載是指結(jié)構自重及灰塵荷載等,光伏電站需要運營25年,其自重屬于恒荷載。
通常鋼結(jié)構廠房上裝光伏系統(tǒng)每平米會增加15公斤的重量,磚混結(jié)構廠房的屋頂每平米會增加80公斤的重量。在項目考察時,需要著重查看建筑設計說明中恒荷載的設計值,并落實除屋面自重外,是否額外增加其他荷載,如管道、吊置設備、屋面附屬物等,并落實恒荷載是否有裕量能夠安裝光伏電站。
可變荷載是考慮極限狀況下暫時施加于屋面的荷載,分為風荷載、雪荷載、地震荷載、活荷載等,是不可以占用的。特殊情況下,活荷載可以作為分擔光伏電站荷載的選項,但不可以占用過多,需要具體分析。
在項目踏勘時,需要項目開發(fā)人員從業(yè)主方獲取房屋結(jié)構圖,便于計算屋頂荷載。
建筑屋頂主要有彩鋼瓦、陶瓷瓦、鋼混等幾種,彩鋼瓦分為直立鎖邊型、咬口型型、卡扣型型、固定件連接型。
前兩種需要專用轉(zhuǎn)接件,后兩種需要打孔固定;陶瓷瓦屋面可以使用專用轉(zhuǎn)接件,也可以不與屋面固定,利用自重和屋面坡度附著其上;鋼混結(jié)構屋面需要制作支架基礎,基礎與屋面可以生根也可以不生根,關鍵考慮屋面防水、抗風載能力、屋面設計荷載等因素。
配電設備是光伏電站選擇并網(wǎng)方案的根據(jù)之一,主要考查內(nèi)容有:
分布式光伏發(fā)電項目最重要的就是所發(fā)電量就地消耗,因此需要考察
分布式光伏開發(fā)模式主要是與屋頂業(yè)主洽談確定具體合作方式,主要模式有要有優(yōu)惠電價模式、屋頂租賃模式。需要綜合考慮項目投資收益、業(yè)主意愿等因素確定投資開發(fā)模式。In recent years, with the encouragement of the country to develop and utilize renewable energy and market promotion, the utilization of industrial and commercial
photovoltaic power generation has been rapidly and widely developed. In 2023, the state will provide intensive policy subsidies and provide strong support for the development of distributed photovoltaics in industry and commerce. See → Distributed
Photovoltaic People Must See! 82nd floor! Summary of policies for "Storm Photovoltaic Subsidies" in various provinces across the country!
The frequent occurrence of national policies has injected a shot in the arm into the development of
industrial and commercial distributed photovoltaics. In addition, relevant policies have been introduced in various regions, resulting in a continuous increase in industrial and commercial electricity prices and accelerating the heating up of
the industrial and commercial distributed market. These all indicate that the industrial and commercial photovoltaic industry in 2023 will usher in a golden age. Refresh Record! Newly added installed capacity of 25.86GW for industrial and commercial
distributed photovoltaic multi-point flowering
According to data from the China Photovoltaic Industry Association, in 2022, China added 87.41 gigawatts of photovoltaic installed capacity, a year-on-year increase of 59.3%. Among them, distributed
photovoltaics added 51.1 gigawatts of installed capacity, a year-on-year increase of 74.5%. The newly added installed capacity of industrial and commercial photovoltaics reached 25.86 gigawatts, a year-on-year increase of 236.7%, breaking the
record for distributed annual installed capacity of industrial and commercial photovoltaics, forming a market pattern that stands at the forefront of centralized photovoltaics and household photovoltaics. According to data from the National Energy
Administration, the top three provinces with distributed new installed capacity in 2022 are Henan Province (7.75GW), Shandong Province (7.51GW), and Zhejiang Province (6.61GW). Among them, Zhejiang (6.496GW), Jiangsu (4.289GW), and Shandong (3.249GW)
rank among the top three provinces in terms of distributed new installed capacity for industry and commerce. It is worth noting that Jiangsu ranks second in terms of the number and intensity of distributed photovoltaic subsidies in the country.
According to statistics, as of the end of 2022, a total of 13 regions in Jiangsu Province have issued distributed subsidy related policies, with subsidies ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 yuan/kWh (based on power generation) and subsidy periods ranging
from 1 to 3 years.
According to a report from Bloomberg New Energy Finance, the scale of China's industrial and commercial rooftop photovoltaic market has already exceeded 200GW, and with the continuous advancement of urbanization, this
number is highly likely to reach 300GW by 2040. This means that the development of industrial and commercial distributed photovoltaics is becoming an indispensable link in achieving China's dual carbon goals.
Under the policy push, China's
industrial and commercial rooftop photovoltaic projects have also been rapidly promoted, with more opportunities to flourish. It can be said that the thriving market vitality of industrial and commercial distributed photovoltaics has been recognized
by the entire industry after 2022. The reason for this is not only due to the strong support of national policies, but also due to its obvious benefits.
Industrial and commercial rooftop photovoltaic power stations are mainly used in industrial
park factories, technology park roofs, schools, hospitals, hotels, etc. They adopt a distributed grid connection method, covering three modes: spontaneous self use, surplus power grid connection, or full grid connection. Not only can they greatly
improve on-site consumption capacity, alleviate power supply pressure on the grid, but they can also offset the electricity purchased by the installation owner from the grid, save electricity bills, and are highly favored by investors. From an
investment perspective, under the premise of national support and continuous operation of the power station for 25 years, a commercial and industrial distribution
5、 The power supply company replied to the review comments on the design documents
Local power supply companies review the design documents of enterprise users' access systems based on national, industry, local, and enterprise standards, and provide and respond to review opinions. Carry out follow-up work such as access system
engineering construction based on the review opinions. If the review fails, the power supply company proposes modification suggestions. If a design change is required, the revised design documents should be resubmitted for review and approved
before implementation. Complete the design documents within 5 working days from the date of receipt.
6、 Engineering design and construction
According to the reply comments of the access scheme and the design review comments, the enterprise
users independently select the construction units with corresponding qualifications to implement the distributed photovoltaic power generation Ontology engineering and access system project. The project should meet relevant national, industry,
and local construction technology and safety standards.
9. Consumer electricity consumption and electricity prices
The most important aspect of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects is the on-site consumption of the generated
energy, so it is necessary to consider:
10. The Development Model of Distributed Photovoltaics
The distributed photovoltaic development model mainly involves negotiating with rooftop owners to determine specific cooperation methods.
The main models include preferential electricity prices and rooftop leasing. It is necessary to comprehensively consider factors such as project investment returns and owner willingness to determine the investment and development model.